“…Concerning the IDO expression by the neighboring to the tumor non-malignant lung tissue, it could be attributed to a degree of infiltration by the same as above cell types. Moreover, tumor-derived soluble factors, like interferon, 16,17 a known inducer of IDO, 18 could to a greater extent be responsible, by perfusing the surrounding pulmonary tissue and stimulating in this way even normal cellular elements (e.g., macrophages) to produce IDO. Finally, chronic pulmonary inflammation, usually coexisting in lung cancer, could by itself induce IDO expression in the non affected peri-tumoral lung areas.…”