“…There is a large number of studies comparing one or both purification strategies to a nonpurified approach (e.g., Clauser et al, 1993;Crane et al, 2006;DeMars, 2020;Fidalgo et al, 2000;French & Maller, 2007;Guilera et al, 2013;Hidalgo-Montesinos & Gómez-Benito, 2003;Khalid, 2011;Kwak et al, 1998;Navas-Ara & Gómez-Benito, 2002;Rogers & Swaminathan, 1993;Socha et al, 2015;Teresi, 2006;W.-C. Wang et al, 2009;W.-C. Wang & Su, 2004a, 2004b. Both, the 2-step as well as the iterative purification procedure have been shown to have higher DIF detection rates (Clauser et al, 1993;Fidalgo et al, 2000;Guilera et al, 2013), while iterative purification has the largest advantage over the other approaches when a large proportion of items have DIF (Fidalgo et al, 2000;French & Maller, 2007;Navas-Ara & Gómez-Benito, 2002).…”