Differential levels of surfactant protein A, surfactant protein D, and progesterone to estradiol ratio in maternal serum before and after the onset of severe early‐onset preeclampsia

Abstract

Problem Preeclampsia (PE), a multifactorial disorder characterized by impaired placental development, elevated inflammatory response and dysregulated placental steroidogenesis. PE may be preventable if predicted early on. Method of study The study evaluated the potential of immunomodulatory collectins, surfactant protein A (SP‐A), surfactant protein D (SP‐D), and mannose binding lectin (MBL), to predict PE before the disease onset, in a prospective study cohort of healthy pregnant women (n = 922). In addition, a cross‐sectional study was conducted to determine the serum and placental profile of collectins in PE women after the disease onset (early‐onset PE [EOPE], n = 33; late‐onset PE [LOPE], n = 24); and controls [n = 75]. The serum profiles of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) were evaluated to determine their correlation with collectins. Results In the prospective cohort, significantly decreased serum levels of SP‐A, SP‐D, P4/E2 ratio were observed in women who subsequently developed severe EOPE. Interestingly, after the disease onset, there was a significant increase in serum and placental levels of collectins in women with severe EOPE, whereas women with LOPE had significantly decreased levels of collectins. Serum P4/E2 ratio was significantly altered in severe EOPE and positively correlated with serum levels of SP‐A and SP‐D. Conclusion Collectins are differentially expressed in the serum during progression of PE. Decreased serum levels of SP‐A, SP‐D, P4/E2 ratio and increased E2 during 10‐20 weeks of gestation are novel plausible risk factors for early prediction of EOPE in Indian women.

Quantitative proteomics of hamster lung tissues infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 reveal host factors having implication in the disease pathogenesis and severity

“…Sections were deparaffinized, rehydrated, and subjected to antigen retrieval (Vector Laboratories) treatment for 20 minutes followed by blocking the endogenous peroxidase with 3% hydrogen peroxide in methanol for 20 minutes. Horse serum (Vector Laboratories) was used for blocking the sections for 30 minutes at room temperature and incubated with Ki‐67 antibody (#VP‐RM04; Vector Laboratories, 1:100) or rabbit polyclonal anti‐human Sftpd antibody (1:500) antibody overnight at 4°C 25 . Sections were washed twice with 1× PBS and treated with biotinylated anti‐rabbit/mouse IgG secondary antibody (Vector Laboratories) for 45 minutes, followed by ABC reagent for 30 minutes.…”

“…Horse serum (Vector Laboratories) was used for blocking the sections for 30 minutes at room temperature and incubated with Ki-67 antibody (#VP-RM04; Vector Laboratories, 1:100) or rabbit polyclonal anti-human Sftpd antibody (1:500) antibody overnight at 4°C. 25 Sections were washed twice with 1× PBS and treated with biotinylated anti-rabbit/ mouse IgG secondary antibody (Vector Laboratories) for 45 minutes, followed by ABC reagent for 30 minutes. Diaminobenzidine (Vector Laboratories) was used as a substrate to develop the stain.…”

Progesterone Enhances the Invasion of Trophoblast Cells by Activating PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway to Prevent Preeclampsia

“…PE is an excessive inflammatory reaction of women to pregnancy. Previous reports have indicated that impaired angiogenesis, increased oxidative stress, and hormonal and immunological changes in placental microenvironment might be the causes of placental defects in preeclampsia 25 . Impaired placental development will lead to persistent hypoxia at the fetus-mother interface and increased systemic inflammatory response 31 .…”

“…Preeclampsia is a multifactorial disease characterized by impaired placental development, enhanced inflammation, and disordered placental steroid production 25 . However, the diagnosis and treatment of preeclampsia are limited.…”

Serum estradiol to testosterone ratio as a novel predictor of severe preeclampsia in the first trimester

“…Some studies have reported that plasma or serum E2 concentrations were down‐regulated, whereas other studies reported that there were no significant changes in preeclamptic compared to normotensive pregnant women during the first and second trimesters. 17 , 18 , 19 The majority of published studies have shown the level of T in PE patients at different gestational weeks was generally high, but some reports indicated that there were no changes in the level of T in PE patients. 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 Aromatase (CYP19A) is a rate‐limiting enzyme for estrogen biosynthesis, which converts T into E2 in the placenta.…”