Differential liver histopathological responses to amphibian chytrid infection

Salla, Raquel Fernanda; Jones-Costa, Monica; Abdalla, Fábio Camargo; Vidal, Felipe; Boeing, Guilherme A N S; Oliveira, Cristiane Ronchi de; Silva-Zacarín, Elaine C.M.; Franco‐Belussi, Lilian; Rizzi-Possignolo, Gisele M; Lambertini, Carolina; Toledo, Luı́s Felipe

doi:10.3354/dao03541

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…By late‐stage infection, Bd‐GPL + frogs mounted extensive hepatic expression responses. These results agree with previous histopathological findings in Bd‐susceptible species, wherein infection led to leukocyte infiltration and hepatic atrophy (Salla et al, 2020). Most notably, whereas upregulated cytokine responses were similar to those observed at mid‐stage Bd‐Brazil infection, late‐stage responses to Bd‐GPL involved marked downregulation in a number of adaptive immune response genes.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

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Host immune responses to enzootic and invasive pathogen lineages vary in magnitude, timing, and efficacy

et al. 2023

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Infectious diseases of wildlife continue to pose a threat to biodiversity worldwide, yet pathogens are far from uniform in virulence or host disease outcome. Within the same pathogen species, virulence can vary considerably depending on strain or lineage, in turn eliciting variable host responses. One pathogen that has caused extensive biodiversity loss is the amphibian‐killing fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), which is comprised of a globally widespread hypervirulent lineage (Bd‐GPL), and multiple geographically restricted, enzootic lineages. Whereas host immunogenomic responses to Bd‐GPL have been characterized in a number of amphibian species, immunogenomic responses to geographically restricted, enzootic Bd lineages are less clear. To examine lineage‐specific host immune responses to Bd, we exposed a species of pumpkin toadlet, Brachycephalus pitanga, which is endemic to Brazil's Southern Atlantic Forest, to either the Bd‐GPL or the enzootic Bd‐Asia‐2/Brazil (hereafter Bd‐Brazil) lineage. Using temporal samples from early, mid, and late infection stages, we quantified functional immunogenomic responses over the course of infection using differential gene expression tests and coexpression network analyses. Host immune responses varied significantly with Bd lineage. Relative to controls, toadlet responses to Bd‐Brazil were weak at early infection (25 genes significantly differentially expressed), peaked by mid‐stage infection (414 genes), and were nearly fully resolved by late‐stage infection (nine genes). In contrast, responses to Bd‐GPL were magnified and delayed; toadlets significantly differentially expressed 111 genes early, 87 genes at mid‐stage infection, and 726 genes by late‐stage infection relative to controls. Given that infection intensity did not vary between mid‐ and late‐stage disease in either Bd‐Brazil or Bd‐GPL treatments, this suggests that pumpkin toadlets may be at least partially tolerant to the enzootic Bd‐Brazil lineage. In contrast, late‐stage immune activation against Bd‐GPL was consistent with immune dysregulation previously observed in other species. Our results demonstrate that both the timing of immune response and the particular immune pathways activated are specific to Bd lineage. Within regions where multiple Bd lineages co‐occur, and given continued global Bd movement, these differential host responses may influence not only individual disease outcome, but transmission dynamics at the population and community levels.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…By late-stage infection, Bd-GPL + frogs mounted extensive hepatic expression responses. These results agree with previous histopathological findings in Bd-susceptible species, wherein infection led to leukocyte infiltration and hepatic atrophy (Salla et al, 2020).…”

Section: (A) (B)supporting

confidence: 93%

Host immune responses to enzootic and invasive pathogen lineages vary in magnitude, timing, and efficacy

et al. 2023

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“…To finalize the preparation of the frameworks, they were embedded in glycolmetacrylate resin (Historesin Leica), according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Histological sections with a thickness of 3 μm were made with a Leica microtome (RM 2245) (Salla et al., 2020). For each organ, we made serial microtome sections and stained 20 slides (4–5 cuts per slide) with hematoxylin (40 min) and eosin (5 min) (H&E; Merck), which is the staining technique for histological examination of animal tissues (Salla et al., 2020).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The cardiorespiratory system of miniature frogs

Carrasco‐Medina,

Salla,

Sebben

et al. 2023

Journal of Anatomy

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Anurans of the genus Brachycephalus are among the smallest vertebrates in the world, due to an extreme process of miniaturization. As an example of this process, Brachycephalus species show loss of fingers, loss of the eardrum and middle ear, bone fusions, and the presence of paravertebral plates and parotic plaque. However, no studies addressing the consequences of miniaturization on internal organs, such as the lungs and heart, are currently available. Thus, this study aimed to investigate if overall small body size has affected the cardiorespiratory system. We investigated, via dissections, individuals of four Brachycephaloidea species: Brachycephalus rotenbergae, B. pitanga, Eleutherodactylus johnstonei, and Ischnocnema parva. We observed that B. rotenbergae and B. pitanga present a reduction of the atrial septum and absence of the carotid body. On the other hand, despite being a member of the sister genus to Brachycephalus (both genera belong to the Brachycephalidae), individuals of Ischnocnema present a heart with a complete septum and carotid body; this is also observed in E. johnstonei (Eleutherodactylidae). We observed that B. rotenbergae and B. pitanga have thin skin with a one to two cell thick germ layer, and their lungs likely exhibit lower blood supply when compared to individuals of the E. johnstonei and I. parva species. Based on the observed structures, we suggest that in species of Brachycephalus, respiration is performed mainly through the skin, and their lungs may have a reduced respiratory function.

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“…Köhler et al (2017: their Fig. 22); Pérez-Iglesias et al (2017: their Table 1); Ocampo and Aparicio (2018: 13, 19, 41); Salla et al (2018: 1, 3–4, 6, 8, 13–16, their Figs. 1–4, 6, their Tables 1–3); Borges et al (2019: 901–903, their Figs.…”

Section: Species Accountsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…[In part.] Ribeiro et al (2020: 2003–2004, their Table 1); Salla et al (2020: 177–185, their Figs. 1, 3, 4, 6, 7); Silva et al (2020: their Fig.…”

Section: Species Accountsmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Taxonomic Status of Physalaemus cuqui Lobo, 1993, with the Description of a New Species of Physalaemus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from Argentina and Paraguay

Cardozo,

Tomatis,

Duport Bru

et al. 2023

Herpetological Monographs

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Differential liver histopathological responses to amphibian chytrid infection

Cited by 9 publications

References 63 publications

Host immune responses to enzootic and invasive pathogen lineages vary in magnitude, timing, and efficacy

Host immune responses to enzootic and invasive pathogen lineages vary in magnitude, timing, and efficacy

The cardiorespiratory system of miniature frogs

The Taxonomic Status of Physalaemus cuqui Lobo, 1993, with the Description of a New Species of Physalaemus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from Argentina and Paraguay

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