“…Transcriptional response of immune-related genes in Litopenaeus vannamei cultured in recirculating... Hernández et al High CO 2 concentrations contribute to the system acidification (Skov, 2019), which can negatively affect growth, physiology, energy metabolism, and immunity of fish (Dennis III et al, 2015;Good et al, 2018;Khan et al, 2018;Almroth et al, 2019;Hermann et al, 2019;Mota et al, 2019;Machado et al, 2020;Pan et al, 2020;Mota et al, 2020), crustaceans (Fehsenfeld et al, 2011;Rathburn et al, 2013;Johnson et al, 2015;Zheng et al, 2015;Chang et al, 2016;Meseck et al, 2016), and mollusks (Bibby et al, 2008;Wang et al, 2016;Clements et al, 2021). High non-lethal (23.8 mg L −1 ), lethal (59.12 mg L −1 ), and safe (5.9 mg L −1 ) CO 2 levels for L. vannamei production in RAS systems were determined (Furtado et al, 2017), but concentration above 20 mg L −1 reduces tissue oxygenation and increases the ventilation rate (Furtado et al, 2016).…”