Differential regulation of cell wall biogenesis during growth and development in yeast

Smits, Gertien J.; Ende, H. van den; Klis, Frans M.

doi:10.1099/00221287-147-4-781

Cited by 169 publications

(182 citation statements)

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“…This is due to mechanisms that compensate for the loss in strength of the cell wall (Popolo et al, 2001;Smits et al, 2001). An increased level of chitin is one of the typical compensatory mechanisms of cell-wall mutants (Popolo et al, 1997;Garcia-Rodriguez et al, 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,3-b-Glucan is the main component of the yeast cell wall, and mainly responsible for its rigidity. Endogenous 1,3-b-glucanases and transglucosidases play an important role in the modification of cell-wall glucan (Cid et al, 1995;Smits et al, 2001). Glucosyl hydrolases (GH) and related enzymes have been classified on the basis of amino-acid-sequence similarities within the CAZy (Carbohydrate-Active enZYmes) database (Henrissat & Bairoch, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scw10p, a cell-wall glucanase/transglucosidase important for cell-wall stability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

et al. 2004

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Glycosyl hydrolases and transferases are crucial for the formation of a rigid but at the same time plastic cell wall in yeasts and fungi. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae glucan hydrolase family 17 (GH17) contains the soluble cell-wall proteins Scw4p, Scw10p, Scw11p and Bgl2p. For Bgl2p, endoglucanase/glucanosyltransferase activity has been demonstrated, and Scw11p has been shown to be involved in cell separation. Here, Scw4p and Scw10p, which show 63 % amino acid identity, were characterized. scw4 and scw10 single mutants were sensitive towards cell-wall destabilizing agents, suggesting a role in cell-wall assembly or maintenance. Simultaneous deletion of SCW4 and SCW10 showed a synergistic effect, and activated the cell-wall compensatory mechanism in a PKC1-dependent manner. Both the amount of cell-wall chitin and the amount of mannoproteins attached to chitin were increased in mutant scw4scw10. Deletion of CHS3 proved the critical role of chitin in scw4scw10. However, the mannoprotein Sed1p and the glucan synthase Fks2p were also crucial for cell-wall stability in mutant scw4scw10. The exchange of two conserved glutamate residues localized in the putative catalytic domain of GH17 family members strongly suggests that Scw10p acts as a 1,3-b-glucanase or as a 1,3-b-glucanosyltransferase. In addition, the synthetic interactions between Bgl2p and Scw10p which support a functional cooperation in cell-wall assembly were analysed. The data suggest that Scw4p and Scw10p act as glucanases or transglucosidases in concert with other cell-wall proteins to assure cell-wall integrity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scw10p, a cell-wall glucanase/transglucosidase important for cell-wall stability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

et al. 2004

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“…It undergoes a number of modifications during different stages of the cell cycle and in response to environmental changes (Cabib et al, 2001;Smits et al, 2001). Elaborate control mechanisms are strictly coordinated in the regulation of cell wall biogenesis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Loss of Function ofKRE5Suppresses Temperature Sensitivity of Mutants Lacking Mitochondrial Anionic Lipids

Zhong

Gvozdenović-Jeremić

Webster

et al. 2005

MBoC

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Disruption of PGS1, which encodes the enzyme that catalyzes the committed step of cardiolipin (CL) synthesis, results in loss of the mitochondrial anionic phospholipids phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and CL. The pgs1⌬ mutant exhibits severe growth defects at 37°C. To understand the essential functions of mitochondrial anionic lipids at elevated temperatures, we isolated suppressors of pgs1⌬ that grew at 37°C. One of the suppressors has a loss of function mutation in KRE5, which is involved in cell wall biogenesis. The cell wall of pgs1⌬ contained markedly reduced ␤-1,3-glucan, which was restored in the suppressor. Stabilization of the cell wall with osmotic support alleviated the cell wall defects of pgs1⌬ and suppressed the temperature sensitivity of all CL-deficient mutants. Evidence is presented suggesting that the previously reported inability of pgs1⌬ to grow in the presence of ethidium bromide was due to defective cell wall integrity, not from "petite lethality." These findings demonstrated that mitochondrial anionic lipids are required for cellular functions that are essential in cell wall biogenesis, the maintenance of cell integrity, and survival at elevated temperature. INTRODUCTIONCardiolipin (CL), a unique anionic phospholipid with dimeric structure, is ubiquitous in eukaryotes and primarily found in the mitochondrial inner membrane . CL plays a key role in mitochondrial bioenergetics (Jiang et al., 2000; Greenberg, 2000, 2002;Schlame et al., 2000;Pfeiffer et al., 2003) and is also involved in mitochondrial biogenesis (Kawasaki et al., 1999;Jiang et al., 2000). Defective remodeling of CL is associated with Barth syndrome, a severe genetic disorder characterized by cardiomyopathy, neutropenia, skeletal myopathy, and respiratory chain defects (Vreken et al., 2000). The phenotype of Barth syndrome is dependent upon multiple factors that are not well understood (Barth et al., 1983(Barth et al., , 1996. Elucidation of the functions of CL will help to clarify the abnormalities associated with this disorder.The biosynthesis of CL is conserved in eukaryotic organisms. It occurs via three enzymatic reactions , including formation of phosphatidylglycerolphosphate (PGP) from CDP-DAG and glycerol-3-P, dephosphorylation of PGP to phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and condensation of CDP-DAG and PG to form CL. Disruption of PGS1, the structural gene encoding PGP synthase, results in the complete loss of both PG and CL (Janitor et al., 1996;Chang et al., 1998a). The crd1⌬ mutant, which lacks CL synthase, has no detectable CL but accumulates PG (Jiang et al., 1997;Chang et al., 1998b;Tuller et al., 1998;Jiang et al., 2000;Pfeiffer et al., 2003;Zhong et al., 2004). The human taffazin gene (TAZ1), which is associated with Barth syndrome, encodes a transacylase that may be involved in the remodeling of CL (Xu et al., 2003). Deletion of the yeast homolog of this gene, TAZ1, leads to decreased CL, aberrant CL acyl species, and accumulation of monolysocardiolipin . Mutants deficient in CL biosynthesis exhibit growth defects at elevat...

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“…One of these mechanisms, termed the "cell wall compensatory mechanism" (2, 3), can be triggered by several means, including cell wall-weakening mutations (4,5), cell wall perturbation with chemical drugs (6), and temperature and osmotic shock (7,8). As reviewed by Klis and collaborators (9), three main responses to cell wall damage have been identified. First, the balance between cell wall polysaccharides is modified, as indicated by hyperaccumulation of chitin.…”

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confidence: 99%

Genome-wide Analysis of the Response to Cell Wall Mutations in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Lagorce

Hauser

Labourdette

et al. 2003

Journal of Biological Chemistry

241

280

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Perturbations of the yeast cell wall trigger a repair mechanism that reconfigures its molecular structure to preserve cell integrity. To investigate this mechanism, we compared the global gene expression in five mutant strains, each bearing a mutation (i.e. fks1, kre6, mnn9, gas1, and knr4 mutants) that affects in a different manner the cell wall construction. Altogether, 300 responsive genes were kept based on high stringency criteria during data processing. Functional classification of these differentially expressed genes showed a substantial subset of induced genes involved in cell wall construction and an enrichment of metabolic, energy generation, and cell defense categories, whereas families of genes belonging to transcription, protein synthesis, and cellular growth were underrepresented. Clustering methods isolated a single group of ϳ80 up-regulated genes that could be considered as the stereotypical transcriptional response of the cell wall compensatory mechanism. The in silico analysis of the DNA upstream region of these co-regulated genes revealed pairwise combinations of DNA-binding sites for transcriptional factors implicated in stress and heat shock responses (Msn2/4p and Hsf1p) with Rlm1p and Swi4p, two PKC1-regulated transcription factors involved in the activation genes related to cell wall biogenesis and G 1 /S transition. Moreover, this computational analysis also uncovered the 6-bp 5 -AGCCTC-3 CDRE (calcineurindependent response element) motif in 40% of the coregulated genes. This motif was recently shown to be the DNA binding site for Crz1p, the major effector of calcineurin-regulated gene expression in yeast. Taken altogether, the data presented here lead to the conclusion that the cell wall compensatory mechanism, as triggered by cell wall mutations, integrates three major regulatory systems: namely the PKC1-SLT2 mitogen-activated protein kinase-signaling module, the "global stress" response mediated by Msn2/4p, and the Ca 2؉ /calcineurindependent pathway. The relative importance of these regulatory systems in the cell wall compensatory mechanism is discussed.Yeast and fungi are surrounded by a cell wall that is a complex structure essential for maintenance of the cell shape, prevention of lysis, and protection against harmful environmental conditions. The yeast cell wall architecture has been determined in detail over the past decade (1). It is a layered structure that is composed of ␤-1,3-and ␤-1,6-glucan (50 -60% of the cell wall dry mass), mannoproteins (40 -50%), and chitin (2%). ␤-1,3-Glucan and chitin form a fibrillar network to which mannoproteins are anchored, mostly through ␤-1,6-glucan. Some cell wall proteins, like the PIR family, can be directly linked to ␤-1,3-glucan (reviewed in Ref.2). The cell wall is not a rigid structure, since it endures all of the changes that the cell undergoes during division, morphogenesis, and differentiation.To ensure continuous integrity of the wall in accordance with its plasticity, complex mechanisms must be operating, which need to be strictly ...

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Differential regulation of cell wall biogenesis during growth and development in yeast

Cited by 169 publications

References 81 publications

Scw10p, a cell-wall glucanase/transglucosidase important for cell-wall stability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Scw10p, a cell-wall glucanase/transglucosidase important for cell-wall stability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Loss of Function ofKRE5Suppresses Temperature Sensitivity of Mutants Lacking Mitochondrial Anionic Lipids

Genome-wide Analysis of the Response to Cell Wall Mutations in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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