Differential response of <i>Trichogramma</i> wasps to extreme sex pheromone types of the noctuid moth <i>Heliothis virescens</i>

Xu, Jie; Huigens, Martinus E.; Orr, David B.; Groot, Astrid T.

doi:10.1111/een.12142

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…This indicates that the sexual communication system of C. pomonella is not stable but subject to variation. Within-species and even within-population variation in the sex pheromone blend has been shown in some other moth species as well [ 51 , 68 , 87 , 88 ], suggesting that stabilizing selection may be countered by natural selection, e.g., due to the homing in of natural enemies [ 89 ], or due to communication interference with other closely related sympatrically occurring species [ 6 , 7 , 9 , 10 ], or due to mating disruption. The general assumption that moth sex pheromones have very low variation because of their importance as species-recognition signals has likely inhibited studies on the extent of intraspecific variation in moth sex pheromone signals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intraspecific Variation in Female Sex Pheromone of the Codling Moth Cydia pomonella

Duménil

Judd

Bosch

et al. 2014

Insects

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The codling moth, Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae), is a major pest of apple, pear and walnut orchards worldwide. This pest is often controlled using the biologically friendly control method known as pheromone-based mating disruption. Mating disruption likely exerts selection on the sexual communication system of codling moth, as male and female moths will persist in their attempt to meet and mate. Surprisingly little is known on the intraspecific variation of sexual communication in this species. We started an investigation to determine the level of individual variation in the female sex pheromone composition of this moth and whether variation among different populations might be correlated with use of mating disruption against those populations. By extracting pheromone glands of individual females from a laboratory population in Canada and from populations from apple orchards in Spain and Italy, we found significant between- and within-population variation. Comparing females that had been exposed to mating disruption, or not, revealed a significant difference in sex pheromone composition for two of the minor components. Overall, the intraspecific variation observed shows the potential for a shift in female sexual signal when selection pressure is high, as is the case with continuous use of mating disruption.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intraspecific Variation in Female Sex Pheromone of the Codling Moth Cydia pomonella

Duménil

Judd

Bosch

et al. 2014

Insects

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“…The female's direct investment in reproduction starts by attracting males through 'calling', i.e., extruding her sex pheromone gland and emitting a long-range pheromone. This may result in fitness and physiological costs [48,49] and may make her vulnerable to parasitism and predation [50,51].…”

Section: ] Combinedmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Life-History Perspective On Sexual Selection in a Polygamous Species

Gao

Wijk

Clement

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Ever since Darwin, evolutionary biologists have studied sexual selection driving differences in appearance and behaviour between males and females. An unchallenged paradigm in such studies is that one sex (usually the male) signals its quality as a mate to the other sex (usually the female), who is choosy in accepting a partner. Here, we hypothesize that in polygamous species these roles change dynamically with the mating status of males and females, depending on direct reproductive costs and benefits of multiple matings, and on sperm competition. We test this hypothesis by assessing fitness costs and benefits of multiple matings in both males and females in a polygamous moth species, as in moths not males but females are the signalers and males are the responders. Results: We found that multiple matings confer fitness costs and benefits for both sexes. Specifically, the number of matings did not affect the longevity of males or females, but only 67 % of the males and 14 % of the females mated successfully in all five nights. In addition, the female’s reproductive output increased with multiple matings, although when paired with a new virgin male every night, more than 3 matings decreased her reproductive output, so that the Bateman gradient for females fit a quadratic model better than a linear model. The male’s reproductive success was positively affected by the number of matings and a linear regression line best fit the data. Simulations of the effect of sperm competition showed that increasing last-male paternity increases the steepness of the male Bateman gradient and thus the male’s relative fitness gain from additional mating. Irrespective of last-male paternity value, the female Bateman gradient is steeper than the male one for up to three matings. Conclusion: Our results suggest that choosiness in moths may well change throughout the mating season, with males being more choosy early in the season and females being more choosy after having mated at least three times. This life-history perspective on the costs and benefits of multiple matings for both sexes sheds new light on sexual selection forces acting on sexual signals and responses.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A life-history perspective on sexual selection in a polygamous species

et al. 2020

Self Cite

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Background: Ever since Darwin, evolutionary biologists have studied sexual selection driving differences in appearance and behaviour between males and females. An unchallenged paradigm in such studies is that one sex (usually the male) signals its quality as a mate to the other sex (usually the female), who is choosy in accepting a partner. Here, we hypothesize that in polygamous species these roles change dynamically with the mating status of males and females, depending on direct reproductive costs and benefits of multiple matings, and on sperm competition. We test this hypothesis by assessing fitness costs and benefits of multiple matings in both males and females in a polygamous moth species, as in moths not males but females are the signalers and males are the responders. Results: We found that multiple matings confer fitness costs and benefits for both sexes. Specifically, the number of matings did not affect the longevity of males or females, but only 67% of the males and 14% of the females mated successfully in all five nights. In addition, the female's reproductive output increased with multiple matings, although when paired with a new virgin male every night, more than 3 matings decreased her reproductive output, so that the Bateman gradient for females fit a quadratic model better than a linear model. The male's reproductive success was positively affected by the number of matings and a linear regression line best fit the data. Simulations of the effect of sperm competition showed that increasing last-male paternity increases the steepness of the male Bateman gradient and thus the male's relative fitness gain from additional mating. Irrespective of lastmale paternity value, the female Bateman gradient is steeper than the male one for up to three matings. Conclusion: Our results suggest that choosiness in moths may well change throughout the mating season, with males being more choosy early in the season and females being more choosy after having mated at least three times. This life-history perspective on the costs and benefits of multiple matings for both sexes sheds new light on sexual selection forces acting on sexual signals and responses.

show abstract

Differential response of Trichogramma wasps to extreme sex pheromone types of the noctuid moth Heliothis virescens

Cited by 10 publications

References 66 publications

Intraspecific Variation in Female Sex Pheromone of the Codling Moth Cydia pomonella

Intraspecific Variation in Female Sex Pheromone of the Codling Moth Cydia pomonella

A Life-History Perspective On Sexual Selection in a Polygamous Species

A life-history perspective on sexual selection in a polygamous species

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