Differential response to pharmacological intervention in ADHD furthers our understanding of the mechanisms of interference control

Two sides of the same coin: ADHD affects reactive but not proactive inhibition in children

“…Our findings confirm those of a recent study using dynamic analyses of performance to compare interference control between untreated children with ADHD, children with ADHD under methylphenidate (MPH), and TD children, when performing a Simon task (Grandjean et al, 2021b). Untreated children with ADHD were more vulnerable to impulse capture than treated children or TD children, and they were less efficient at suppressing impulsive responses than TD children.…”

“…Even if this is not unique to the current sample, this difference could raise the question of whether our results would persist after controlling for IQ, particularly concerning reactive control. In this regard, it is interesting to notice that deficits in reactive control have already been found in children with ADHD when IQ was controlled in a study using the Simon task (Grandjean et al, 2021b). Previous research has shown no link between IQ and inhibitory processes (Bitsakou et al, 2008).…”

“…On the other hand, by plotting interference effects against RT (known as a delta-plot), a reduction in the interference effect at the slower portion of the RT distribution should be observed, reflecting the efficiency of inhibitory control (Ridderinkhof, 2002;Ridderinkhof, 2002;Suarez, Vidal, et al, 2015;Van den Wildenberg et al, 2010;Van Wouve et al, 2016;Wylie et al, 2010Wylie et al, , 2013. Several studies using both non-clinical and clinical populations provide empirical support for this assertion (Burle et al, 2002;Grandjean et al, 2021b;Ridderinkhof et al, 2005;Suarez, Vidal, et al, 2015;Van Wouve et al, 2016;Wijnen & Ridderinkhof, 2007;Wylie et al, 2007;Wylie et al, 2009Wylie et al, , 2010aWylie et al, , 2010bWylie et al, , 2012Wylie et al, , 2013; for review, see Ridderinkhof et al, 2011;Van den Wildenberg et al, 2010) and have revealed that different manipulations could differently affect these two components of interference control (Fluchère et al, 2015;Grandjean et al, 2021aGrandjean et al, , 2021bRamdani et al, 2015).…”

Dissociable effects of positive feedback on the capture and inhibition of impulsive behavior in adolescents with ADHD versus typically developing adolescents

“…This method of dissociating these two complementary processes of interference control had received empirical support from several studies in healthy populations (Burle et al, 2002(Burle et al, , 2005van den Wildenberg et al, 2010;Wijnen & Ridderinkhof, 2007), as well as in clinical populations such as children with ADHD (Ridderinkhof et al, 2005;Grandjean, Suarez, Miquee, Da Fonseca & Casini, 2021;, adults with ADHD (Suarez et al, 2015); Parkinson's Disease patients (Fluchère et al, 2015;van Wouwe et al, 2016;Wylie et al, 2010;, and Tourette Syndrome patients (Wylie et al, 2013). Moreover, it has been shown that these two components of interference control can be differently impacted in certain cases (Fluchère et al, 2015;2018;Grandjean, Suarez, Miquee, DaFonseca & Casini, 2021;Ramdani et al, 2015). Some authors have also suggested that these functions are probably associated with different brain systems by quantifying the extent to which RT distribution measures of response inhibition were associated with individual differences in different brain areas activity (Forstmann, Van den Wildenberg, & Ridderinkhof, 2008).…”

The effect of reducing attentional resources on selective suppression in the Simon task

“…Neurological and neuropsychological studies have provided considerable support in favour of the activation–suppression hypothesis. For example, the Simon effect did not decrease over time in people known to have deficits in inhibition, such as older adults (Juncos-Rabadán et al, 2008) and people with Alzheimer disease (Castel et al, 2007), Parkinson disease (Wylie et al, 2010) or attention deficit disorder (Grandjean et al, 2021). Data coming from neuroimaging studies also support the activation-suppression hypothesis (Forstman et al, 2008) by revealing that activation in the right inferior frontal cortex, an area known to be involved in inhibition, was also associated with the negative slope of delta plots.…”