Differentiating cyber bullying perpetration from non-physical bullying: Commonalities across race, individual, and family predictors.

Abstract

Objective: We are surprisingly limited in our understanding of mechanisms specific to cyber-bullying perpetration, and how these might be modified by subgroup differences such as race. Social learning theory was used to assess the role of maladaptive family social dynamics on cyber-bullying and nonphysical bullying (i.e., verbal and relational) involvement through individual risk and protective factors. Method: Moderated mediation models were analyzed using multiple regression analysis across three time points (each six months apart) to examine predictors of bullying perpetration among 1,023 early adolescents (5th through 7th grades). Students completed questionnaires assessing bullying perpetration, family conflict, parental monitoring, hostility, depressive symptoms, empathy, and alcohol and drug use (AOD). Two- and three-way interactions assessed moderation by race and gender. Results: At the simple bivariate level, cyber-bullying appears to have significant overlap with nonphysical bullying. Longitudinal analyses, however, reveal less overlap. Specifically, parental monitoring was associated with higher levels of cyber-bullying at wave 3, via AOD use (only for White females). Nonphysical bullying levels were associated with both higher family violence and lower parental monitoring, which were explained by hostility (for White males) and depressive symptoms (for African American males). Conclusions: Findings validate the importance of familial socialization but suggest that cultural context and gender modify the specific patterns. Further study is needed to determine the necessity of separate prevention strategies for cyber-bullying, as current findings suggest that comprehensive (universal) prevention programs that target self-regulation and social competencies would impact both forms of bullying, and are more feasible than family targets.

Saúde do escolar: uma revisão integrativa sobre família e bullying

“…Different qualitative aspects and different aspects of family relationships associated with involvement with bullying include: ineffective parental styles 20,21 ; severe and corporal punishment when disciplining children [19][20][21] ; family conflicts [22][23][24] ; lack of parental supervision and lack of affection 25,26 ; low quality of relationship between parents and children 13,27 ; and communication problems between parents and children 12,28 . Other determinants include the low educational level of parents 8,22 , low socioeconomic conditions 8,29 , living with a single parental figure 28; [30][31][32] , and experiencing or witnessing domestic violence 10,21,33,34 .…”

“…Moderate F* Bowes et al 10 Foster e Brooks-Gunn 34 Lereya e Wolke 40 Low e Espelage 25 Moon et al 23 Yang et al 28 Barboza et al 20 Bayraktar 37 Bowes et al 27 Cuervo et al 22 Healy et al 41 Lepisto et al 19 Kokkinos 38 Magklara et al 29 Murray-Harvey e Slee 39 Papadaki e Giovazolias 42 Pinheiro e Williams 33 Povedano et al 24 Romaní e Gutiérrez 30 Romaní et al 31 Sentenac et al 13 Sevda e Sevim 32 Teisl et al 35 Totura et al 36 Uribe et al…”

Cyberbullying, Race/Ethnicity and Mental Health Outcomes: A Review of the Literature

“…Youth of color report lower levels of cyber-victimization than their white peers; indeed, black and Hispanic youth are more likely to be cyber-bullies and offline bullies than victims of bullying. Black and Hispanic teens report levels of cyberbullying victimization similar to the national average (from 16% to 30%); however, black and Hispanic rates are at the lower range of national averages, and they report levels of offline bullying perpetration similar to white peers (Carter & Wilson, 2015;Low & Espelage, 2013;Wang et al, 2009).…”

Bullying e uso de substâncias psicoativas na adolescência: uma revisão sistemática

“…Nota-se, ainda, o estudo de Espelage et al 40 , que aponta para a perpetração de bullying como fator de mediação entre violência familiar e uso de álcool, cigarro e solventes entre os meninos. No entanto, foi encontrado um estudo mostrando associação com o uso de álcool, cigarro e outras drogas no último ano apenas para bullying verbal e relacional 41 , e outro indicando que praticar o bullying não prediz o uso de drogas na adolescência, mas prediz na idade adulta 42 . Apenas no estudo de Weiss et al 43 não foi encontrada associação entre perpetração do bullying e tabagismo.…”