Differentiating global luminance, arousal and cognitive signals on pupil size and microsaccades

Wang, Chin‐An; Munoz, Douglas P.

doi:10.1111/ejn.15508

Cited by 16 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 97 publications

(179 reference statements)

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“…Such effects of motor preparation on pupil size scale with the complexity, speed, accuracy and force of the ultimately executed movements (Naber & Murphy, 2020; Richer & Beatty, 1985). Similar results have been reported for overt shifts of attention: The pupil already dilates during saccade programming (Jainta et al, 2011; Wang & Munoz, 2021b). Pupil size thus tracks fluctuations in effort as subtle as the planning of an upcoming eye movement.…”

supporting

confidence: 87%

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The Costs of Paying Overt and Covert Attention Assessed With Pupillometry

et al. 2023

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Attention can be shifted with or without an accompanying saccade (i.e., overtly or covertly, respectively). Thus far, it is unknown how cognitively costly these shifts are, yet such quantification is necessary to understand how and when attention is deployed overtly or covertly. In our first experiment ( N = 24 adults), we used pupillometry to show that shifting attention overtly is more costly than shifting attention covertly, likely because planning saccades is more complex. We pose that these differential costs will, in part, determine whether attention is shifted overtly or covertly in a given context. A subsequent experiment ( N = 24 adults) showed that relatively complex oblique saccades are more costly than relatively simple saccades in horizontal or vertical directions. This provides a possible explanation for the cardinal-direction bias of saccades. The utility of a cost perspective as presented here is vital to furthering our understanding of the multitude of decisions involved in processing and interacting with the external world efficiently.

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supporting

confidence: 87%

“…Sample size was determined on the basis of behavioral work that compared overt and covert attention (Hunt & Kingstone, 2003). This exceeded previous saccade/motor preparation pupillometry studies (i.e., Jainta et al, 2011;Naber & Murphy, 2020;Richer & Beatty, 1985;Wang & Munoz, 2021b).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Costs of Paying Overt and Covert Attention Assessed With Pupillometry

et al. 2023

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“…Arousal is a complicated concept consisting of different components, and tonic pupil size is linked to autonomic indices, e.g., [ 19 ], as an effective index for the general arousal level [ 69 ]. To investigate tonic pupil size effects on saccade latency and metrics, we correlated tonic pupil size with saccade latency and metrics.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatigue and Arousal Modulations Revealed by Saccade and Pupil Dynamics

Chen

Kuo

Hsu

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Saccadic eye movements are directed to the objects of interests and enable high-resolution visual images in the exploration of the visual world. There is a trial-to-trial variation in saccade dynamics even in a simple task, possibly attributed to arousal fluctuations. Previous studies have showed that an increase of fatigue level over time, also known as time-on-task, can be revealed by saccade peak velocity. In addition, pupil size, controlled by the autonomic nervous system, has long been used as an arousal index. However, limited research has been done with regards to the relation between pupil size and saccade behavior in the context of trial-to-trial variation. To investigate fatigue and arousal effects on saccadic and pupillary responses, we used bright and emotional stimuli to evoke pupillary responses in tasks requiring reactive and voluntary saccade generation. Decreased voluntary saccade peak velocities, reduced tonic pupil size and phasic pupillary responses were observed as time-on-task increased. Moreover, tonic pupil size affected saccade latency and dynamics, with steeper saccade main sequence slope as tonic pupil size increased. In summary, saccade dynamics and tonic pupil size were sensitive to fatigue and arousal level, together providing valuable information for the understanding of human behavior.

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“…Future studies using the online TMS with the identification of FEF location following the gold standard are required to further address these possibilities. It is important to note that the FEF is also involved in the control of microsaccade generation ( Peel et al, 2016 ; Hsu et al, 2021b ), and microsaccade responses are modulated by various cognitive processes ( Dalmaso et al, 2017 , 2019 ) and correlate with pupillary responses ( Wang et al, 2015 ; Dalmaso et al, 2020 ; Wang and Munoz, 2021b ). Future studies that investigate microsaccade responses in the context of these modulations is needed to address these questions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the role of human frontal eye field in the pupil light reflex modulation by saccade planning and working memory

Hsu

Wang

Chen

et al. 2022

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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The pupil constricts in response to an increase in global luminance level, commonly referred to as the pupil light reflex. Recent research has shown that these reflex responses are modulated by high-level cognition. There is larger pupil constriction evoked by a bright stimulus when the stimulus location spatially overlaps with the locus of attention, and these effects have been extended to saccade planning and working memory (here referred to as pupil local-luminance modulation). Although research in monkeys has further elucidated a central role of the frontal eye field (FEF) and superior colliculus in the pupil local-luminance modulation, their roles remain to be established in humans. Through applying continuous theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation over the right FEF (and vertex) to inhibit its activity, we investigated the role of the FEF in human pupil local-luminance responses. Pupil light reflex responses were transiently evoked by a bright patch stimulus presented during the delay period in the visual- and memory-delay tasks. In the visual-delay task, larger pupil constriction was observed when the patch location was spatially aligned with the target location in both stimulation conditions. More interestingly, after FEF stimulation, larger pupil constriction was obtained when the patch was presented in the contralateral, compared to the ipsilateral visual field of the stimulation. In contrast, FEF stimulation effects were absence in the memory-delay task. Linear mixed model results further found that stimulation condition, patch location consistency, and visual field significantly modulated observed pupil constriction responses. Together, our results constitute the first evidence of FEF modulation in human pupil local-luminance responses.

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Differentiating global luminance, arousal and cognitive signals on pupil size and microsaccades

Cited by 16 publications

References 97 publications

The Costs of Paying Overt and Covert Attention Assessed With Pupillometry

The Costs of Paying Overt and Covert Attention Assessed With Pupillometry

Fatigue and Arousal Modulations Revealed by Saccade and Pupil Dynamics

Investigating the role of human frontal eye field in the pupil light reflex modulation by saccade planning and working memory

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