In recent years, society, technology, politics, economics and many other factors have affected and changed the way consumers behave. Consumer behavior is a major topic of interest in the social sciences, particularly in economics and marketing, which emerged only about 50 years ago. Indeed, the first issue of the Journal of Consumer Research was published in 1974, and prior to the late 1970s there was no formal coursework in consumer behavior in colleges of business. With the growing complexity of consumer behavior theories, researchers are increasingly moving away from generalized, universalistic models to more individualized, yet multifaceted models (Codini et al., 2018). For example, there is much more interest in unraveling the contingencies that characterize the differences between subgroups of individuals or environments.Universalistic models overlook the fact that customers differ in their responses to marketing strategies and tactics, decision-making approaches and purchase motivations, which can easily lead to erroneous conclusions in consumer behavior studies. Understanding such contingencies and their effect on behavior requires a rigorous assessment of both observed and unobserved heterogeneity. Moreover, the practical utility of most marketing studies is limited to hypotheses testing of theoretical relationships embedded in a nomological net (Hair et al., 2018a). The result is most conclusions are skewed toward the believability of the hypotheses being tested in the model (Rigdon et al., 2020). Similarly, researchers are moving beyond the modeling of linear effects and increasingly examine complex nonlinear relationships among constructs of interest (