Differentiation and adaptation in Brassica nigra populations: interactions with related herbivores

Bischoff, Armin; Tremulot, S.

doi:10.1007/s00442-010-1798-7

Cited by 23 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…On the other hand, LA may be undetected in short-term experiments, especially in species that are slow-growing or long-lived (Bennington et al 2012). Such experiments may exclude critical, although occasional, environmental extremes, omit important segments of the plant life cycle, or miss the scale at which LA is acting (Bischoff and Tr emulot 2011). In addition, herbivorous insects may swamp LA of plants with LA of their own and account for a failure to find plant LA (Bischoff and Tr emulot 2011).…”

Section: Local Adaptation and General Adaptationmentioning

confidence: 99%

When local isn't best

Jones

2013

Evolutionary Applications

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This paper attempts to explain circumstances under which local may be or may not be best. Natural selection may lead to local adaptation (LA), or it may be constrained by gene flow, founder effects, small population size, genetic drift, and archetype. ‘Specialist’ species display greater LA than ‘generalist’ species. Local genotypes are to a certain extent transient, being a consequence of past historical genetic patterns. Two recent meta-analyses found that while local performance exceeded the performance of a randomly chosen nonlocal population in 71% of comparisons, general adaptation across environments was as frequent as LA. Genotypes for restoration are most likely to be effective if they are adapted to current site conditions. As environmental change accelerates, both globally and locally, exceptions to ‘local is best’ may increase. For these reasons, ‘local is best’ may be better thought of as a testable hypothesis rather than as a general assumption. While either local or nonlocal plant material may be most effective for restoration practice depending on individual circumstances, local material will continue to be the first choice for restoration practitioners whenever this option is feasible and effective.

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Section: Local Adaptation and General Adaptationmentioning

confidence: 99%

When local isn't best

Jones

2013

Evolutionary Applications

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“…The most rigorous method of testing for local adaptation is reciprocal transplant experiments (Blanquart, Kaltz, Nuismer, & Gandon, 2013). Most knowledge on local adaptation comes from such studies of individual species (e.g., Bischoff & Trémulot, 2011;Mendola, Baer, Johnson, & Maricle, 2015;Mathiasen & Premoli, 2016;Evans et al, 2016;Hirst, Sexton, & Hoffmann, 2016;Lu, Parker, Colombo, Man, & Baeten, 2016 and many others). While a classical reciprocal transplant experiment involves at least two origins of a single species transplanted reciprocally to both sites of origin, some studies simplified this design to only multiple origins in one site (Gellie, Breed, Thurgate, Kennedy, & Lowe, 2016;Hancock, Leishman, & Hughes, 2013), whereas others have extended it to multiple origins of multiple species in multiple sites (e.g., Bischoff et al, 2006;Bucharova et al, 2017;Carter & Blair, 2012;Joshi et al, 2001;Körner et al, 2016;Kramer, Larkin, & Fant, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are local plants the best for ecosystem restoration? It depends on how you analyze the data

et al. 2017

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One of the key questions in ecosystem restoration is the choice of the seed material for restoring plant communities. The most common strategy is to use local seed sources, based on the argument that many plants are locally adapted and thus local seed sources should provide the best restoration success. However, the evidence for local adaptation is inconsistent, and some of these inconsistencies may be due to different experimental approaches that have been used to test for local adaptation. We illustrate how conclusions about local adaptation depend on the experimental design and in particular on the method of data analysis. We used data from a multispecies reciprocal transplant experiment and analyzed them in three different ways: (1) comparing local vs. foreign plants within species and sites, corresponding to tests of the “local is best” paradigm in ecological restoration, (2) comparing sympatric vs. allopatric populations across sites but within species, and (3) comparing sympatric and allopatric populations across multiple species. These approaches reflect different experimental designs: While a local vs. foreign comparison can be done even in small experiments with a single species and site, the other two approaches require a reciprocal transplant experiment with one or multiple species, respectively. The three different analyses led to contrasting results. While the local/foreign approach indicated lack of local adaptation or even maladaptation, the more general sympatric/allopatric approach rather suggested local adaptation, and the most general cross‐species sympatric/allopatric test provided significant evidence for local adaptation. The analyses demonstrate how the design of experiments and methods of data analysis impact conclusions on the presence or absence of local adaptation. While small‐scale, single‐species experiments may be useful for identifying the appropriate seed material for a specific restoration project, general patterns can only be detected in reciprocal transplant experiments with multiple species and sites.

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“…Specialist and generalist herbivores might respond differently toward induced plant resistance (Karban andBaldwin 1997, Ali andAgrawal 2012). Brassica nigra plants usually occur along field edges, in river valleys, and coastal habitats (Bischoff and Tremulot 2011). Here, we investigate whether Brassica nigra plants respond to egg deposition by two different herbivores (specificity of induction) and whether induced resistance affects subsequently feeding larvae of both herbivores (specificity of effect).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenotypic plasticity of plant response to herbivore eggs: effects on resistance to caterpillars and plant development

Pashalidou

Lucas‐Barbosa

Loon

et al. 2013

Ecology

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Herbivory induces direct resistance responses in plants that negatively affect subsequently colonizing herbivores. Moreover, eggs of herbivorous insects can also activate plant resistance, which in some cases prevents hatching larvae from feeding. Until now, plant-mediated effects of eggs on subsequent herbivory, and the specificity of such responses, have remained poorly understood. We studied the specificity and effects of plant resistance induced by herbivore egg deposition against lepidopteran larvae of species with different dietary breadths, feeding on a wild annual plant, the crucifer Brassica nigra. We examined whether this plant-mediated response affects the growth of caterpillars of a specialist (Pieris brassicae) that feeds on B. nigra leaves and flowers, and a generalist (Mamestra brassicae) that rarely attacks this wild crucifer. We measured growth rates of neonate larvae to the end of their second instar after the larvae had hatched on plants exposed to eggs vs. plants without eggs, under laboratory and semi-field conditions. Moreover, we studied the effects of egg deposition by the two herbivore species on plant height and flowering rate before and after larval hatching. Larvae of both herbivore species that developed on plants previously infested with eggs of the specialist butterfly P. brassicae gained less mass compared with larvae that developed on egg-free plants. Plants exposed to butterfly eggs showed accelerated plant growth and flowering compared to egg-free plants. Egg deposition by the generalist moth M. brassicae, in contrast, had no effect on subsequent performance by either herbivore species, or on plant development. Our results demonstrate that B. nigra plants respond differently to eggs of two herbivore species in terms of plant development and induced resistance to caterpillar attack. For this annual crucifer, the retardation of caterpillar growth in response to deposition of eggs by P. brassicae in combination with enhanced growth and flowering likely result in reproductive assurance, after being exposed to eggs from an herbivore whose larvae rapidly reduce the plant's reproductive potential through florivory.

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Differentiation and adaptation in Brassica nigra populations: interactions with related herbivores

Cited by 23 publications

References 47 publications

When local isn't best

When local isn't best

Are local plants the best for ecosystem restoration? It depends on how you analyze the data

Phenotypic plasticity of plant response to herbivore eggs: effects on resistance to caterpillars and plant development

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