Differentiation between Single Bladder Cancer Cells Using Principal Component Analysis of Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

Abstract

Time-of-flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) mass spectra measurements combined with an appropriate sample preparation protocol are the powerful tools to obtain unique information about the chemical composition of biological materials. In our studies, two questions were addressed, i.e., whether it is possible to develop a fixative-based sample preparation protocol and whether it allows one to distinguish between cells originating from various stages of cancer progression. Therefore, four human bladder cancer cell lines (with distinct malignancy degree) have been investigated. A chemical fixation protocol has been used for TOF-SIMS measurements, and mass spectra were obtained using a Bi3(+) primary ion beam. The principal component analysis (PCA) has been applied to analyze the whole range of mass spectra (without preselection of any particular masses) using two approaches of data preprocessing, namely, mean centering and autoscaling. The PC3 versus PC2 plot has showed significant differences between nonmalignant cancer cells and the cancerous ones for both of preprocessing approaches. The analysis of mass spectra of human bladder cells allows one to find a list of mass peaks with intensities significantly larger in cancerous bladder cells compared to nonmalignant cell cancer of the ureter (HCV29 cells). These findings show that TOF-SIMS in combination with PCA can be used to identify reference, human bladder cells from cancerous ones.

ToF‐SIMS analysis of chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols in Beijing

“…PCA has been applied for processing the ToF-SIMS data in the research of many fields, such as materials, biology, and medicine. [26][27][28][29][30][31][32] In this study, we collected atmospheric aerosols on different air quality level days of each season in 2015 in an urban area of Beijing and analyzed these aerosols by ToF-SIMS. Since winter is the season with most frequent haze, we compared the mass spectral aerosol data acquired on various pollution level days in winter and analyzed by PCA.…”

“…Using PCA, the most useful and significant information can be effectively extracted. PCA has been applied for processing the ToF‐SIMS data in the research of many fields, such as materials, biology, and medicine …”

Data on step-by-step atomic force microscopy monitoring of changes occurring in single melanoma cells undergoing ToF SIMS specialized sample preparation protocol

“…The recorded data show changes on the surface of single WM115 cell. The use of the proposed sample preparation protocol enables to record mass spectra (ToF SIMS) on single cells [1] , [2] ( Fig. 1.1 , Fig.…”

“…The AFM images presented below, show surface changes of single WM266-4 cells acquired after each step of the ToF SIMS specialized sample preparation protocol. The presented protocol enables to record mass spectra (ToF SIMS) on single cells [1] , [2] ( Fig. 2.1 , Fig.…”

Analysis of Chemotherapeutic Drug Delivery at the Single Cell Level Using 3D-MSI-TOF-SIMS

“…Ide et al showed that changes in lipid composition on breast cancer cell lines can be studied using TOF-SIMS [49]. Gostek et al showed that single bladder cancer cells can be distinguished using TOF-SIMS data and principal component analysis [50]. A recent 3D-MSI-TOF-SIMS study by Passarelli et al using dual beam analysis and depth profiling described drug and metabolite uptake at the single cell level [51].…”