A novel extremely thermophilic bacterium was isolated from the world's deepest sea-floor, the Mariana Trench Challenger Deep a t a depth of 10897 m. Cells were Gram-reaction variable, non-spore-forming and non-motile rods without flagella. Growth was observed between 50 and 80 "C (optimum: 74-76 "C; 90 min doubling time), pH 5 4 and 9.5 (optimum: pH 7.0-705) and 0 5 and 5 % sea salts (optimum: 2 % sea salts). The isolate was a strictly aerobic heterotroph capable of utilizing as sole energy and carbon source: yeast extract, peptone, cellulose, starch, chitin, casein, Casamino acids, a variety of sugars, carboxylic acids and amino acids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 72.5 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 165 rRNA sequences placed this aerobic, high-G+C-content bacterium among the members of the Grampositive, low-G+C-content anaerobic thermophilic bacteria within the Bacillus-Clostridium subphylum. On the basis of the physiological and molecular properties of the new isolate, the name Thermaembacter marianensis gen. nov., sp. nov. (type strain 7p75aT = JCM 102463 is proposed.