Differentiation of Biologic Scaffold Materials Through Physicomechanical, Thermal, and Enzymatic Degradation Techniques

Abstract

Although differences were observed because of cross-linking, some crosslinked and non-crosslinked materials exhibited very similar properties. Variables other than cross-linking, such as decellularization/sterilization treatments or species/tissue type also contribute to the properties of the scaffolds.

Clinically relevant mechanical testing of hernia graft constructs

“…It is has been appreciated that grafts tested with perfect-clamping are stronger and less compliant than graft constructs (Sun et al, 2005). For example, in ball-burst tests with perfect-clamping, VitaMesh fails at a higher load (210 N, manufacturer information) and Biodesign has a higher burst strength (200 N/cm) and lower strain at 16 N/cm (14%) (Deeken et al, 2012) than measured in our study. Similarly, our data comparing biaxial graft and construct properties (Fig.…”

“…Ball-burst tests (Whitson et al, 1998;Freytes et al, 2005;Deeken et al, 2012;Eliason et al, 2011;Sahoo et al, 2014), planar-biaxial tests (Rohrnbauer and Mazza, 2014;Sun et al, 2005;Lyons et al, 2014;Sahoo et al, 2014), and also inflation tests (Rohrnbauer and Mazza, 2013) can each partly replicate this complex physiologic loading mechanism through their respective modes of loading, and offer different considerations as options for testing hernia grafts. This study used ball-burst and planar-biaxial tests to test hernia grafts as sutured constructs to model the manner in which the grafts are placed and loaded clinically for ventral hernia repair.…”

To Cross-Link or Not to Cross-Link? Cross-Linking Associated Foreign Body Response of Collagen-Based Devices

“…With regard to reconstituted collagen materials, non-commercial EDC cross-linked collagen sponges have been shown to increase in vitro resistance to degradation by macrophages; however, these sponges promoted RAW 264.7 macrophage aggregation to form FBGCs that gradually degraded the sponges 137 . When incubated with human primary monocytes / macrophages, commercially available slightly cross-linked (HMDI) porcine dermis grafts (Permacol™ Surgical Implant, Covidien, denaturation temperature of 60-61 °C 138,139 , whilst its non-cross-linked counterpart has denaturation temperature of 56-57 °C 140 ) induced low amount of pro-inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-3, MIP-1α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-1ra, CCL18, MIP-4) cytokines, when compared to other synthetic materials used for soft tissue repair, showing a low M1/M2 protein secretion index 141 .…”

Effect of acellular human dermis buttress on laparoscopic hiatal hernia repair

“…Whether it is xenograft or allograft, harvested from dermis, pericardium, or small intestine submucosa, these grafts are often used in the same setting even though their intrinsic properties differ. Moreover, the processing steps for decellularization, cross-linking, and sterilization can lead to varying degrees of biomechanical strength and degradation resistance [14]. In theory, these differences may cause certain biologic grafts to be more suitable for specific applications, such as a paraesophageal hernia repair, breast reconstruction, or abdominal wall hernia repair.…”