Differentiation of Central Slovenian and Moscow populations of Rana temporaria frogs using peptide biomarkers of temporins family

Mass Spectrometry Differentiation between Rana arvalis Populations Based on Their Skin Peptidome Composition

“…Both populations demonstrate the presence of melittin-related peptide FQ-22− 1, 2 while the assortment of bradykinin-related peptides is somehow richer in the Moscow population: 11 vs 9. Ljubljana frogs demonstrate only proteolytic forms of the very preprobradykinin (11−23 in Table 1) with the absence of the related peptides with substitutions in the sequence of the initial bradykinin (24,25 in Table 1).…”

“…For example, water-soluble 25-mer splendipherine appears in the secretion of male Litoria splendida species in its reproductive period. It attracts females of that species at a 10 pM concentration. , However, the species with extended habitats may have oscillations in their peptidomes composition depending on the populations. − The array of peptide families in the secretion of these populations remains the same, while composition of the peptides inside each family may vary. The number of peptides may be larger or smaller, while peptides may possess one or several substitutions of amino acid residues in the sequence. , The absence of natural pathogenic surrounding for the amphibians in captivity decreases the generation of the antimicrobial peptides, which may be reestablished as a response to the exposure to natural flora. , …”

“…The number of peptides may be larger or smaller, while peptides may possess one or several substitutions of amino acid residues in the sequence. 23,24 The absence of natural pathogenic surrounding for the amphibians in captivity decreases the generation of the antimicrobial peptides, which may be reestablished as a response to the exposure to natural flora. 26,27 Mass spectrometry represents the best analytical tool to achieve reliable sequencing of the numerous components of natural peptide mixtures, including amphibian skin secretions with all possible post-translational modifications (first of all "rana box") and enabling differentiating closely related species and their natural hybrides.…”

Temporins: Multifunctional Peptides from Frog Skin

“…The signal sequence is highly conserved between related species, whereas the spacer bioactive peptide differs between anaurans species. The diversity of active peptide sequences, likely being the result of adaptation to challenges by pathogens, is such that even phylogenetically related species produce non-identical peptide sequences [ 12 , 13 ].…”

“…Some peptides contain non-proteinogenic amino acids, for example, temporin M from the Russian brown frog Rana temporaria has an oxyproline residue in the place of the proline found in Temporin M isolated from European Rana temporaria . The length of peptides is variable, ranging from 8 amino acids in temporin SHf from Pelophylax saharicus to 17 amino acids in temporin LTc from Hylarana latouchi [ 13 ].…”