Differentiation of cognitive and motor slowing in the digit symbol test (DST): Differences between depression and schizophrenia

Hoof, J.J.M. van; Sabbe, Bernard; Jogems-Kosterman, B.J.M.; Zitman, F.G.; Hulstijn, Wouter

doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(97)88435-6

Cited by 14 publications

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“…This contention is supported by studies that have found impaired processing speed (as measured primarily by the digit symbol coding task) to be stable [36,78], mediate abnormal cognitive development [28,63], related to prognosis and functional outcome [10,11,48,60,63,70,71], highly heritable [74], and present in patients with schizophrenia but otherwise classified as cognitively normal, relatives of patients with schizophrenia and individuals at high risk of developing schizophrenia [13,14,33,62]. The clinical implications may be that the focus on cognitive impairment in schizophrenia might need to be shifted from separable cognitive domains [20], and towards the construct of processing speed as a generalized measure of level of illness severity [21,31], even despite issues of construct validity [16,37,55,76]. Further implications include the potential value of therapeutic intervention targeted towards improving impaired processing speed, since amelioration may transfer to other domains of cognitive functioning as well [15,25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of impaired processing speed on cognition in first-episode antipsychotic-naïve schizophrenic patients

et al. 2013

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of impaired processing speed on cognition in first-episode antipsychotic-naïve schizophrenic patients

et al. 2013

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“…There is outstanding data in the literature for the statistically significant correlation between the total SRRS score and the degree of psychomotor retardation assessed by various experimental test methods—gross motor activity measured by actigraphy, rewriting figures, symbol finger replacement, and others. In their research, Sabbe et al in 1996, van Hoof in 1998, and Sabbe et al in 1999 did not establish statistically significant correlation between the total SRRS score and the severity of psychomotor retardation. Controversially, Pier et al in 2004 and Schrijvers et al in 2008 published results for statistically significant relationship between the total SRRS score and the degree of psychomotor retardation assessed by various cognitive and motor tests.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Objective quantification of psychomotor disturbances in patients with a major depressive episode

Terziivanova

Haralanova

Milushev

et al. 2018

Evaluation Clinical Practice

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Rationale, aims and objectives Psychomotor disturbances have been regarded as cardinal symptoms of depression for centuries, and their objective assessment may have predictive value with respect to the severity of clinical depression, treatment outcome, and prognosis of the depressive disorder. In clinical practice, psychomotor disturbances are evaluated and measured subjectively—through clinical observation and/or by means of rating scales. Our aim is to introduce a novel objective approach for recording and measuring psychomotor activity and reactivity in patients with clinical depression. Method Psychomotor indicators of activity and reactivity were objectively recorded and measured using computerized ultrasonographic cranio‐corpo‐graphy. Results and discussion Objective and quantitative assessment of psychomotor symptoms may have pathophysiological significance as psychomotor disturbances go along with affective dysregulation. It is presumed that common neurotransmitter pathology in the brain structures causes simultaneously psychomotor and affective dysregulation that underlies the pathophysiology of the depressive disorder. Also, psychomotor retardation is thought to be a cardinal depressive symptom in endogenous depressions—unipolar and bipolar. On the other hand, psychomotor agitation may be considered as latent bipolarity, although the presence of manic symptoms within a depressive state and the role of psychomotor agitation in depressive patients are still disputable. Conclusion Integration between different methods is needed to improve the understanding of psychopathology and neurobiology of a disputable diagnosis such as clinical depression. We introduce in the field of psychiatry an objective and quantitative approach, which could permit psychomotor discrimination not only between depressive patients and healthy controls but also between subgroups of depressive patients.

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“…Apart from that, it could be possible that by overcompensation or a lack of compensation by the ventral circuitry, cognitive deficits from a different type also occur, for example a slowing of digit writing in the digit symbol test. Recent test devices allow differentiation of both types of errors (36).…”

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confidence: 99%

The abnormal development of drive and guidance mechanisms in the brain: the pathogenesis of schizophrenia

Hoof

2002

Acta Neuropsychiatr.

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A deficient implementation of these mechanisms at the limbic domain manifests itself as schizophrenia, whereby the heterogeneity in symptomatology is explained by the extent of the remaining cerebral activity and by the degree of indirect activation of these systems. In general, activation manifests itself as positive symptomatology and the absence of such activation as negative symptomatology. The model provides a more comprehensive explanation for existing clinical and epidemiological data than do the current alternatives. It is compatible with the major prevailing views on the illness, such as the theories that regard this as a progressive neurodevelopmental, or a connectivity disorder, or one resulting from a deficient cerebral lateralization, or an interrupted cortico-thalamo-cerebello-cortical circuitry. The model fits with recent theories in evolutionary psychology and evolutionary psychiatry.

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Differentiation of cognitive and motor slowing in the digit symbol test (DST): Differences between depression and schizophrenia

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

The influence of impaired processing speed on cognition in first-episode antipsychotic-naïve schizophrenic patients

The influence of impaired processing speed on cognition in first-episode antipsychotic-naïve schizophrenic patients

Objective quantification of psychomotor disturbances in patients with a major depressive episode

The abnormal development of drive and guidance mechanisms in the brain: the pathogenesis of schizophrenia

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