Differentiation of soils and land use changes in the vicinity of the disappeared Gardeja lake (Northern Poland)

Abstract

Abstract:The aims of the study were to characterize shoreline soil development and evolution and to determine land use changes (19 th to 20 th centuries) in the direct catchment of the completely vanished Gardeja lake. The study was based on pedological research and analysis of cartographic materials. The main factor determining the current development of shoreline zone soil cover at the former Gardeja lake was human activity (lake dewatering, further drainage and human-induced erosion). Studied soil profiles were developed from mineral, non-lacustrine materials (upper parts of the slopes) and lacustrine sediments covered with colluvium. The analyzed soil catenas are representative for the undulated young glacial landscape of Northern Poland. The biggest changes of the land use were observed for the class of grasslands that is combined with shrubs (increase of cover area).

Sorption properties of granulometric fractions in Haplic Cambisol developed from boulder loam

“…Leaching, commonly taking place in Polish soils (Chojnicki 2002, Koz³owski andKomisarek 2017a;Markiewicz et al 2017), has large influence on the diversity of sorption properties of granulometric fractions. The process concerns leaching of calcium carbonate, exchangeable cations, clay minerals and available nutrients (Le and Marschner 2018) from surface horizons to deeper horizons.…”

Origin, transformation and classification of alluvial soils (mady) in Poland – soils of the year 2022

“…The lacustrine sediments commonly consist of highly organic or calcareous deposits, which transform into organic soils or specific lacustrine rendzinas after lake drainage (Jonczak and Florek, 2013;Lemkowska, 2013;Łachacz and Nitkiewicz, 2021;Mendyk et al, 2015). Moreover, soils developed from lacustrine sediments, even after drainage, commonly maintain high ground-water level and meet the criteria for gleyed soils (Markiewicz et al, 2017;Mendyk et al, 2016). The soils developed from the marine sediments on the coast of Baltic Sea typically are featured by extremely sandy texture and high ground-water level; whereas the older/drained marine sands suffer from eolian remodelling and lose their original (wateroriginated) stratification.…”

“…The arable alluvial soils have been mapped in Poland on a detailed scale (typically 1:5,000); however, the emphasis has been placed on their texture and the information about their pedogenic transformation, reflected in genetic soil type/subtype is basically missing (Świtoniak et al, 2019). The moisture status, considered during agricultural evaluation and mapping in 1950s-1960s, have changed in many sites, thus the current soil value and utility may greatly differ (Ligęza, 2016;Łabaz and Kabała, 2012;Markiewicz et al, 2017;Owczarzak et al, 2007). The spatial variability of alluvial soils in many areas is much larger than presented on the 'detailed' maps, makes them unsuitable for 'precise agriculture' and requires a new approach to approximate the soil properties crucial for soil productivity (Gałka et al, 2016).…”

Classification of soils developed from bottom lake deposits in north-eastern Poland

“…Another reason why soils developed from lake bottom sediments or with their contribution achieve a distinguishing set of features, beside the differences arising from the chemical composition of gyttja, is the presence of thin layers of limnic, peat and peat-like as well as colluvial materials near the shores of dried lakes (Mendyk et al, 2016;Markiewicz et al, 2017). This is particularly true about small water bodies with a changeable water level, such as ponds, including water mill ponds (Mendyk et al, 2015).…”