Differentiation of structurally similar phenethylamines via gas chromatography–vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy (GC–VUV)

Abstract

The vacuum ultraviolet region includes wavelengths shorter than 200 nm. Electronic transitions of sigma and pi bonds lie in this region, which have the potential to yield structural information. Thus, a VUV detector should be able to detect nearly any molecule analyzable by gas chromatography. This study sought to determine the extent to which structurally similar phenethylamines are differentiated using their VUV spectra. Phenethylamines are a common drug class including pseudoephedrine and illicit drugs such as methamphetamine. Several phenethylamines are difficult to analyze by electron impact mass spectrometry due to their fragmentation giving the same mass to charge ratio fragments at similar ratios. While phenethylamines are generally differentiable by retention time, an extra layer of specificity is preferred in forensic analyses. A Vacuum Ultraviolet (VUV) spectrophotometer coupled to a gas chromatograph was used to collect VUV spectra at high frequency between 125-430 nm. Eight phenethylamines were analyzed for this work using GC/VUV. A calibration curve and limit of detection study was performed that indicates a limit of detection around 10 μg mL-1 and an upper limit of linearity around 1000 μg mL-1. The spectra, analyzed by Principal Component Analysis and Discriminant Analysis, indicate the ability to reliably differentiate each of the drugs from one another including structural isomers and diastereomers. Lastly, five "street" samples containing amphetamines were analyzed to demonstrate "real world" performance.

Gas chromatography vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy: A review

“…Roberson and Goodpaster [68] recently employed GC-VUV for the analysis of phenethylamines. Principal Component Analysis and Discriminant Analysis were employed.…”

Quantitative analysis of smokeless powder particles in post‐blast debris via gas chromatography/vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy (GC/VUV)

“…VUV spectra are specific to each analyte, making this tool useful to observe the isomeric, isobaric, and co-eluting compounds that are not easily identified by MS. Since its availability as a benchtop spectrometer, GC/VUV has been used for a variety of applications including fuels [23][24][25][26], food/ fragrance products [27][28][29], environmental [30][31][32], and forensic samples [22,[33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48].…”

Development and evaluation of a synthetic cathinone targeted gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) method

“…This challenge is echoed by the Organization of Scientific Area Committees (OSAC) Seized Drug Subcommittee, whose “GC‐MS Analysis Consideration” document lists at least ten instances where similar mass spectra of cathinones may hinder identification [8]. Approaches for more confident identification such as cold‐EI [9], derivatization [10], GC‐vacuum ultraviolet (GC‐VUV) [11,12], or tandem mass spectrometry [13,14] have been proposed but not widely adopted. Chemometric analysis of EI mass spectra for confirmation has also been suggested [15,16].…”