Differentiation of the mammary gland and susceptibility to carcinogenesis

Russo, José; Tay, Lee K.; Russo, Irma H.

doi:10.1007/bf01805718

Cited by 563 publications

(426 citation statements)

References 240 publications

(200 reference statements)

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“…With regard to risk factors related to pregnancy, on the basis of a suggested influence of full-term pregnancy on breast cells (Russo et al, 1982), an increase in full-term pregnancies would be expected to correlate with a decreased risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women (Table 1). However, in our premenopausal women, no notable difference in these protective effects was observed.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Experimental studies on full-term pregnancy in rats are shown to result in permanent differentiation in vulnerable breast stem cells, altering subsequent susceptibility to hormones (Russo et al, 1982). This suggests a decreased risk of breast cancer in women who have their first birth at a younger age or in women who have more full-term pregnancies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A case-control study of breast cancer in Taiwan--a low-incidence area

Yang

Yang²,

Liu³

et al. 1997

Br J Cancer

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Summary To investigate risk factors for breast cancer in Taiwan, a low-incidence area, a case-control study was conducted. This comprised 244 subjects with diagnosed and pathologically confirmed breast cancer (age range 20-80 years) and 450 female ophthalmology outpatients as controls. Univariate and multiple logistic regression analysis suggests that breast cancer in Taiwan is aetiologically similar to breast cancer in high to moderate-incidence areas. A family history of breast cancer appears to be the most important factor contributing to the risk of breast cancer (odds ratio = 4.69). The effect of reproductive hormones (represented by the years of history of menses in premenopausal women, odds ratio = 3.35; or the age at menarche in post-menopausal women, odds ratio = 2.67) plays a significant role in tumorigenesis. Breast feeding appears to be a particularly important protective factor in Taiwanese women (odds ratio = 0.57).Keywords: breast cancer; cancer predisposition; reproductive hormone; breast feeding; risk factor; epidemiology Breast cancer is similar to other human cancers in that it arises from a multifactorial process. Recent attention has focused both on genetic predisposition to breast cancer (Sattin et al, 1985;Fisher et al, 1993) and on its association with factors relating to modem affluence, including diet and alcohol consumption (Hunter and Willett, 1993;Rosenberg et al, 1993). Furthermore, the effect of reproductive factors strongly supports a hormonal role in its aetiology Pike et al, 1993). Early menopause, for example, whether occurring naturally or through oophorectomy, has been shown to reduce risk significantly (Trichopoulos et al, 1973;Pike et al, 1981).While numerous studies have been conducted in Western countries to assess the epidemiology of breast cancer, there have been few studies of Asian populations. Such studies are of interest because their different risk profiles may help to explain the lower occurrence of the disease. Although breast cancer in Taiwanese women is the second most common form of cancer (Cancer Registry Annual Report in Taiwan, 1987-91) and the fourth leading cause of cancer mortality (based on Public Health Annual Report in Taiwan, 1993), compared with many Western countries Taiwan is considered to be a low-incidence area for breast cancer with an estimated age-adjusted incidence 15-20 per 100 000, which is much lower than the 60-90 per 100 000 in the UK or USA (Parkin et al, 1993 On the basis of hospital chart number, the cases were 244 women randomly selected from subjects with newly diagnosed (incident) and pathologically confirmed breast carcinoma in the age range 20-80 years. The histopathological profile included 227 cases of infiltrating ductal carcinoma and 17 cases of intraductal or intralobular carcinoma. This sample of female patients constituted about 30% of all the women with breast cancer attending our breast cancer clinic during the study period.To serve as comparable and representative controls, 450 (unmatched) women of the same age dist...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A case-control study of breast cancer in Taiwan--a low-incidence area

Yang

Yang²,

Liu³

et al. 1997

Br J Cancer

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“…Rapid multiplication occurs during puberty, diminishing the time available for DNA repair between replications [1]. The anti-oestrogenic properties of cigarette smoke [26] could reduce the proliferation of breast tissue, thus reducing breast density.…”

Section: Main Findings and Interpretationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The rapid sequential cell divisions during puberty diminish the time available for DNA repair between replications [1]. The breast cells remain as stem cells until a woman's first pregnancy, when extensive, although not complete, cellular differentiation occurs, thus reducing the pool of multiplying stem cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life course breast cancer risk factors and adult breast density (United Kingdom)

Jeffreys

Warren

Gunnell

et al. 2004

Cancer Causes Control

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Objective: To determine whether risk factors in childhood and early adulthood affect later mammographic breast density. Methods: Subjects were 628 women who attended a medical examination at the University of Glasgow Student Health Service , responded to a questionnaire (2001) and had a screening mammogram in Scotland (1989Scotland ( -2002. Mammograms (median age of 59 years) were classified using a six category classification (SCC) of breast density percent. Logistic regression was used to determine associations between risk factors and having a high-risk mammogram ( 25% dense). Results: In multi-variable analyses, high-risk mammograms were associated with parity (adjusted odds ratio (OR) per child: 0.77 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.61-0.99)), age at first birth, OR per year: 1.05 (0.99-1.11), smoking at university, OR smokers versus non-smokers: 0.58 (0.36-0.92) and body mass index (BMI) while at university, OR per 1 kg/m 2 0.75 (0.69-0.82). No associations with SCC were found for age at menarche, birth weight, oral contraceptive (OC) use, height, leg length or exercise at age 20. Conclusions: We confirm previous findings that breast density is affected by reproductive events and some anthropometric measures, however most of the risk factors acting throughout the life course which we examined were not closely related to adult breast density.

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“…Several recent studies of breast cancer risk suggest that a positive association with smoking may emerge 30 -40 years after commencement (Terry and Rohan, 2002), particularly among chronic heavy smokers. There is also evidence to suggest that smoking prior to a first full-term pregnancy may be an important exposure (Russo et al, 1982;Band et al, 2002;Terry and Rohan, 2002). In addition, an increasing number of studies suggest that a possitive association between smoking and breast cancer risk may be stronger among (or limited to) women with certain genotypes (Terry and Rohan, 2002).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%