“…To limit unexpected surprises that may impact on the perioperative outcome, several preoperative diagnostic studies have been proposed, 7,8 but are still debated and consensus is not reached on the best preoperative diagnostic management, as shown in a recent survey of members of the European Pediatric Surgeons' Association and the British Association of Pediatric Surgeons and from data of a multiinstitutional North American report. 9,10 To safely treat all patients with EA, we proposed a management algorithm that takes into consideration several clinical and anatomical aspects, 11 including patients' weight, presence of associated anomalies, type of EA, and gap length, to help driving the most appropriate treatment in each patient, thus limiting potential complications. Based on our experience and on that of others, a well-defined preoperative and intraoperative protocol is strongly suggested to gain as many infor-mation as possible before surgery and to guide surgical strategy during the operation, also allowing to limit treatment-related complications.…”