Difficulties in diagnosing the cause of hyponatraemia in an extremely premature boy

Abstract

We present the history of a nine-month-old male infant born prematurely with extremely low birth weight, who was admitted to the paediatric nephrology department with dehydration, acute kidney injury, hyponatraemia, hyperkalaemia, and metabolic acidosis. While the crucial first step in the diagnosis of hyponatraemia includes the assessment of the patient's fluid status, we focus in the discussion on the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of hypovolemic hyponatraemia. With the notable exception of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and other primary adrenal diseases, in which there is a deficiency in aldosterone synthesis, many other salt-losing disorders share the common feature of inducing secondary hyperaldosteronism. In the presented case hyponatraemia was caused by NEC-related ileostomy with, typically, hyperkalaemia despite secondary hyperaldosteronism. The clinical picture can be very similar to pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1 (PH 1), with the renal handling of sodium being the key differentiating feature.

Case report: Acute severe hyponatremia-induced seizures in a newborn: a community-acquired case and literature review

“…The etiological spectrum of neonatal hyponatremia is diverse, including iatrogenic factors, abnormalities in the renal mineralocorticoid pathway, inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), acute renal failure, heart failure, and gastrointestinal conditions such as gastroenteritis ( Mazzoni et al, 2019 ), congenital chloride diarrhea ( Wedenoja et al, 2010 ; Cendal et al, 2021 ), and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) ( Palleri et al, 2022 ). However, severe community-acquired hyponatremia in full-term neonates is notably rare ( Abelian and Ghinescu, 2015 ; Bryłka et al, 2018 ).…”