Diffusimetry Renounces Graham’s Law, Achieves Diffusive Convection, Concentration Gradient Induced Diffusion, Heat and Mass Transfer

Abstract

Absolute diffusion rates of KMnO4 in vertical and flattened diffusimeters show the concentration gradient force as being stronger than the gravitational force. Hot water molecules move downward on self-diffusion against buoyancy. Diffusive convection (DC) in warm water and double-diffusive convection (DDC) in warm, saline water take place inside the diffusimeter with DDC transferring more heat than DC. In the diffusing medium the original reagents change or retain their compositions to give the diffusate molecules to diffuse. In water, the change is mostly hydration. The syngener BaCl2.2H2O separately with congeners 3CdSO4.8H2O, ZnSO4.7H2O, and ZnSO4.H2O presents two distinct pairs of overlapping concentration versus rate curves, first for having very close MWs of BaCl2 and CdSO4 and second for having ZnSO4.H2O as the common congener for both the zinc sulfates. Chlorides of Li, Na, and K diffusing at hindered rates in glucose solution show the least rate for LiCl inevitably on grounds of low mass and high Li+ hydration radius. Diffusion blocking occurs at higher glucose concentration. Diffusion of 0.6M AgNO3-0.6M NH4Cl standardizes this diffusimeter. Mass transfer of HCl, H2SO4, and H2C2O4 show oxalic acid diffusing as hydrate and 88 percentage transfer of sulfuric acid in 5 minutes. The Superdiffusive Anti Graham’s Law, Vd , is further consolidated by Ca (NO3)2-M2CO3(M = Na, K, NH4+) and Ca (NO3)2-Na2HPO4 diffusions. Odd and even diffusions are illustrated by AgNO3-NH4Cl and AgNO3-BaCl2 diffusions.

Diffusion Mechanisms of Dissolved Gases in Transformer Oil Influenced with Moisture Based on Molecular Dynamics Simulation

“…The conclusion accords with Graham’s law of diffusion: at the same temperature and pressure, the diffusion range of various gases is inversely proportional to the square root of the gas weight. 34 The molecular weight of each gas molecule is shown in Table 1 . It shows that H 2 has the smallest weight, followed by CH 4 < C 2 H 2 < CO < C 2 H 4 < C 2 H 6 < CO 2 .…”

“…The conclusion accords with Graham's law of diffusion: at the same temperature and pressure, the diffusion range of various gases is inversely proportional to the square root of the gas weight. 34 The…”

Bio-Inspired Nanomaterials for Micro/Nanodevices: A New Era in Biomedical Applications

“…The potential for developing novel and influential micro/nanodevices using BINMs is anticipated to grow due to technological advancements and improved comprehension of biological systems. Through the utilization of the distinct characteristics exhibited by these nanomaterials in the form of nanocomposite gels [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ] and films [ 27 , 28 , 29 ], structural colored nanomaterials [ 30 , 31 , 32 ], organo-metallic nanomaterials [ 33 ], molecular machines [ 34 ], and nanobiosensors [ 35 ] have found widespread application and have replaced mainly more conventional bulk materials in a variety of sectors [ 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ] as well as in theoretical inquiries [ 42 ]. Researchers and practitioners can fabricate devices that imitate or draw inspiration from biological systems to execute targeted functions, frequently surpassing the efficiency and efficacy of conventional devices.…”