Diffusion and Nuclear Spin Relaxation in Water

Simpson, Jeffrey H.; Carr, H. Y.

doi:10.1103/physrev.111.1201

Cited by 408 publications

(186 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…7(b) shows a strong linear relationship between the T1 relaxation time and temperature with a gradient of 100.15 ± 13.5 ms/°C. This value was in agreement with the literature for water [17] within the error. It was further worth noting that the data only showed mono-exponential behaviour.…”

Section: (B)supporting

confidence: 82%

“…Also presented on Fig. 6 are literature values of Simpson and Carr [17] from their comprehensive study of T1 as a function of temperature for oxygen-free water between 0 and 50 °C.…”

Section: Relaxation Measurements As a Function Of Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Temperature is known to heavily affect spin-lattice (T1) relaxation times in water [16], [17], [18] with a strong linear relationship between the T1 times and temperature observed between the boiling and freezing points of water. This holds true for the range of temperatures that would typically be encountered by a device left outside (-5 °C to 40 °C) although it should be noted that it is not possible to obtain a signal from water below freezing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Temperature dependence of magnetic resonance probes for use as embedded sensors in constructed wetlands

Hughes‐Riley

Dye

Anderez

et al. 2016

Sensors and Actuators A: Physical

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Constructed wetlands are now accepted as an environmentally friendly means of wastewater treatment however, their effectiveness can be limited by excessive clogging of the pores within the gravel matrix, making this an important parameter to monitor. It has previously been shown that the clog state can be characterised using magnetic resonance (MR) relaxation parameters with permanent magnet based sensors. One challenge with taking MR measurements over a time scale on the order of years is that seasonal temperature fluctuations will alter both the way that the sensor operates as well as the relaxation times recorded. Without an understanding of how the sensor will behave under different temperature conditions, meaningful information about the clog state cannot be successfully extracted from a wetland. This work reports the effect of temperature on a permanent magnet based MR sensor to determine if the received signal intensity is significantly compromised as a result of large temperature changes, and whether meaningful relaxation data can be extracted over the temperature range of interest. To do this, the central magnetic field of the sensor was monitored as a function of temperature, showing an expected linear relationship. Signal intensity was measured over a range of temperatures (5 °C to 44 °C) for which deterioration at high and low temperatures compared to room temperature was observed. The sensor was still operable at the extremes of this range and the reason for the signal loss has been studied and explained. Spin-lattice relaxation time measurements using the sensor at different temperatures have also been taken on a water sample and seem to agree with literature values. Further to this, measurements have been taken in an operational wetland over the course of 203 days and have shown a linear dependence with temperature as would be expected. This work concluded that the sensor can perform the task of measuring the spin-lattice relaxation time over the required temperature range making it suitable for long-term application in constructed wetlands.

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Section: (B)supporting

confidence: 82%

“…Also presented on Fig. 6 are literature values of Simpson and Carr [17] from their comprehensive study of T1 as a function of temperature for oxygen-free water between 0 and 50 °C.…”

Section: Relaxation Measurements As a Function Of Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Temperature dependence of magnetic resonance probes for use as embedded sensors in constructed wetlands

Hughes‐Riley

Dye

Anderez

et al. 2016

Sensors and Actuators A: Physical

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“…Owing to differences in blood flow and thermal conductivity, temperature cannot be assumed to be uniform throughout a tissue sample. It is well known that temperature affects the measured diffusivity ($1.5% per 1°C) [90][91][92] and is predicted to have the same effect on all diffusion tensor components.…”

Section: Other Complexitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diffusion‐tensor MRI: theory, experimental design and data analysis – a technical review

2002

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This article treats the theoretical underpinnings of diffusion-tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI), as well as experimental design and data analysis issues. We review the mathematical model underlying DT-MRI, discuss the quantitative parameters that are derived from the measured effective diffusion tensor, and describe artifacts thet arise in typical DT-MRI acquisitions. We also discuss difficulties in identifying appropriate models to describe water diffusion in heterogeneous tissues, as well as in interpreting experimental data obtained in such issues. Finally, we describe new statistical methods that have been developed to analyse DT-MRI data, and their potential uses in clinical and multi-site studies.

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“…The relation between the translational self-diffusion co efficient of water, D, and the absolute temperature, T, has been shown to be (Shimpson and Carr, 1958;Chang et aI., 1973) ( 1) where Do is the diffusion coefficient at infinite tempera ture, Ea is the activation energy for translational molec ular diffusion, and k is Boltzmann's constant. Upon rear ranging equation (1) (2) The activation energy Ea of the water is reported to be 0.2 e V, which is equal to the amount of energy required to break two hydrogen bonds (Chang et aI., 1973).…”

Section: Animal Preparation and Experimental Groupmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature Dependent Change of Apparent Diffusion Coefficient of Water in Normal and Ischemic Brain of Rats

Hasegawa

Latour

Sotak

et al. 1994

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

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Summary: To identify the temperature dependent change of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of water in brain tissue, the ADC values of normal rat brain were measured over a range of body temperatures with moni toring of head temperature using a small water reference implanted under the temporalis muscle. An initial exper iment using thermocouples implanted into the cortex, caudate-putamen, temporalis muscle, and rectum demon strated that temperature in all regions were highly corre lated over a temperature range from 33 to 39°C. In an other group of normal rats, brain ADC values varied al most uniformly with body temperature over the temperature range 33-39°C, implying that brain ADC val ues accurately reflect changes in brain temperature. The Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) is derived by measuring the translational movement (diffusion) of water molecules over a short interval (Le Bihan et al., 1986;. DWI can rapidly detect and localize focal brain injury as early as minutes after the onset of ischemia (Moseley et al., 1990a,b;Mintorovitch et al., 1991; Minematsu et al., 1992a,b). This method is a powerful tool for studying clinical and experi mental brain ischemia.Brain temperature is an important physiologic pa rameter that should be monitored during experi- Abbreviations used: ADC, apparent diffusion coefficient; CCA, common carotid artery; DWI, diffusion-weighted imaging; MCA, middle cerebral artery; MRI, magnetic resonance imag ing; NMDA, N-methyl-o-aspartate; ROI, region of interest. 383effects of focal ischemia and administration of the non competitive N-methyl-o-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, CNS-1102, on ADC were also examined, using the suture middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion model while maintaining the body temperature at 37°C. ADC values and therefore brain temperature in the nonischemic and ischemic hemispheres were not affected by the drug. These experiments suggest that brain ADC measurement could be useful in animal studies and, potentially, in hu mans to assess the effects of pharmacologic intervention on brain temperature. Key Words: Middle cerebral artery occlusion-Brain temperature-Magnetic resonance im aging-Apparent diffusion coefficient-Diffusion map ping.

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Diffusion and Nuclear Spin Relaxation in Water

Cited by 408 publications

References 9 publications

Temperature dependence of magnetic resonance probes for use as embedded sensors in constructed wetlands

Temperature dependence of magnetic resonance probes for use as embedded sensors in constructed wetlands

Diffusion‐tensor MRI: theory, experimental design and data analysis – a technical review

Temperature Dependent Change of Apparent Diffusion Coefficient of Water in Normal and Ischemic Brain of Rats

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