“…As an instance, we simulated a long memory (non-linear) process based on an autoregressive fractionally integrated moving average (ARFIMA) model, for which the autocorrelation between θ(t, 1) and θ(t + h, 1) is ρ(h) ∼ h 2d−1 as h increases [17]. We generated 50,000 data points from the ARFIMA model (1 − B) d (1 − φB)θ(t, 1) = ξ(t), where B is the backward shift operator, φ = 0.5, d = 0.4, and ξ(t) is a zero-mean white noise with standard deviation 10 −3 .…”