Diffusion kinetics of molecular probe in thin poly(vinyl alcohol)-based films

Fluorescence photobleaching and recovery of fluorescein sodium in carbomer film

“…Fluorescence recovery aer photobleaching (FRAP) is an essential technique for studying molecular mobility and diffusion phenomena across various scientic domains. FRAP is widely used to measure slow diffusion 3,4 in various contexts, including high-viscosity solutions, [5][6][7] colloidal systems, 8,9 thin lms, [10][11][12][13] live cells, [14][15][16][17] and others. 18,19 The effectiveness of FRAP in measuring molecular diffusion is inuenced not only by the molecules themselves but also by their environmental medium.…”