Diffusion of chloride from seawater into the concrete analysis: a literature review on implemented approaches

Abstract

Infrastructures near the sea, such as ports, offshore platforms, bridges, and coastal buildings, are affected by seawater due to the coastal region. Chloride, contained in seawater, causes a decrease in the strength and durability of the concrete. Some researchers have published a paper on analyzing the penetration of chloride ions into concrete under different coastal environments and predicted chloride diffusion in concrete with computational modeling. This paper aims to review the existing literature related to various laboratory work tests and analytical methods in evaluating the diffusion of chloride from seawater into concrete. A set of forty papers were collected and reviewed that were published from 2011 until 2020 for studying. The review showed that chloride diffusion was a complex process and affected by many factors such as material properties, curing time, immersion/exposure time, and environmental conditions. Various experimental methods in the Laboratory were conducted using concrete specimens made from various materials in the exposed and submerged conditions. Researches in the field were carried out on existing structures with a certain building age using non-destructive testing. Meanwhile, the analytical methods applied simple equations and numerical simulation computational software.

Mechanical performance and anti-fungal and anti-algal properties for teakwood/parawood/PVC composites in UV-weathering and seawater immersion conditions,

“…Seawater, which is composed mainly of chloride ions at 21,610 mg/L (21.61 ppt), equivalent to 60% of ion composition in seawater (as given in Table 4) affected the high degree of seawater permeability onto WPVC composite materials from larger dipoledipole interaction (known as polar-polar interaction) between WPVC surface and chloride ion in seawater, in addition to the water permeability and water absorption of wood particles in WPVC composite materials. The high degree of permeability, combined with the hydrophilicity of wood particles, increased the level of seawater diffusion and seawater transportation in WPVC composite materials (Gjørv and Vennesland 1979;Panigrahi et al 2018;Villagrán Zaccardi et al 2018;Mukaddas et al 2019;Ariningsih et al 2021). The water permeability, water diffusion, and water transportation of wood particles in WPVC composite materials during long-term seawater immersion were more influenced by the mechanical properties of WPVC composite materials than the degradation and water absorption of wood particles during UV-weathering ageing in both the UV ageing and condensation stages.…”