Diffusional lithium trapping as a failure mechanism of aluminum foil anodes in lithium-ion batteries

Inserting a lithiation potential gap as a factor for degradation control in aluminum-foil anodes by utilizing roll-bonding processes

“…The capacity loss of about 40% in the first cycle would be mainly attributed to the Li content stuck in the Al matrix. 12 Between the cycle 16 and 26, the lithiation potential is gradually decreased to around 0.15 V, indicating that the lithiation reaction shift to the A5052 layer. In contrast, for the cycle tests between cutoff potential of 0.15 V to 1 V (Fig.…”

The Foreseeable Future of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: Advanced Upcycling for Toxic Electrolyte, Cathode, and Anode from Environmental and Technological Perspectives

“…By exploration for the underlying mechanisms of material structural and compositional defects, the irreversible loss of Li + leading to LIB capacity fading results from SEI formation and a large amount of capture for Li + in anode. , Li ions formed residues in the anode while shuttling between cathode and anode, and the residues occupied/blocked the active sites located in the graphitic interlayer to result in the decline of LIB capacity finally . Specifically, the main degeneration causes for graphitic anode are listed as follows: (1) the formation of SEI, steady growth, and dissolution and precipitation at contact face between anode and electrolyte; ,, (2) anode mechanical degeneration, the case in point being lithium-dendrite generation; , (3) anode electrochemical burn-in because of thickened SEI and occurrence of continuous chemical reactions from the SEI; (4) the confusion of graphitic structure because of the influence caused by mechanical strain during LIB cycling for anode reversible capacity. − The emission of environmental pollutants, the resource utilization of Li residue (Li 2 O, LiF, Li 2 CO 3 , ROCO 2 Li, and CH 3 OLi), and the avoidance of safety risks make graphite anode recycling possible. , However, the corresponding research on cyclic utilization for spent graphite anodes has always been overlooked due to the low economic benefits and high impurities. Generally, the anode materials mainly included natural/artificial graphite, carbon materials (carbon nanotubes, nanofibers, mesoporous carbon, and high-performance powdered graphene, etc.…”

“…110,111 Li ions formed residues in the anode while shuttling between cathode and anode, and the residues occupied/blocked the active sites located in the graphitic interlayer to result in the decline of LIB capacity finally. 112 Specifically, the main degeneration causes for graphitic anode are listed as follows: (1) the formation of SEI, steady growth, and dissolution and precipitation at contact face between anode and electrolyte; 58,113,114 (2) anode mechanical degeneration, the case in point being lithium-dendrite generation; 115,116 (3) anode electrochemical burn-in because of thickened SEI and occurrence of continuous chemical reactions from the SEI; 117 (4) the confusion of graphitic structure because of the influence caused by mechanical strain during LIB cycling for anode reversible capacity. 118−120 The emission of environmental pollutants, the resource utilization of Li residue (Li 2 O, LiF, Li 2 CO 3 , ROCO 2 Li, and CH 3 OLi), and the avoidance of safety risks make graphite anode recycling possible.…”

Al-based materials for advanced lithium rechargeable batteries: recent progress and prospects

“…3c). 22,42 Arumugam and coworkers have put forward that refining the grain size of Al significantly increases the channels for ion transport, allowing homogeneous diffusion. 49 This method effectively mitigates the lithium entrapment.…”

“…There are large regions (>100 μm wide) where the foil has been significantly pulverized. 42 Under the deep lithiation state, most alloy-type electrode materials display viscosity. However, LiAl alloys, such as the β-LiAl phase, are brittle.…”