Digest: Shape-shifting in Solanaceae flowers: The influence of pollinators*

Dodsworth, Steven; Orejuela, Andrés; Pérez‐Escobar, Oscar Alejandro; Särkinen, Tiina; Knapp, Sandra

doi:10.1111/evo.13437

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…Species within Iochrominae can be distinguished by the fact that are all woody shrubs or small trees and often have showy tubular flowers. Iochrominae shows a remarkable floral diversity, spanning a wide range of flower sizes, colors (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, or white) and forms (rotate to tubular) (Shaw, 1998;Hunziker, 2001;Smith and Baum, 2006;Smith and Kriebel, 2018;Dodsworth et al, 2018). On the contrary, most taxa within Physalidinae, Withaninae, and Capsiceae have small, rotate, white or yellow flowers.…”

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Patterns of chromosomal evolution in the florally diverse Andean clade Iochrominae (Solanaceae)

Deanna

Smith

Särkinen

et al. 2018

Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics

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Iochrominae is a largely Andean clade known for its remarkable diversity of floral forms and colors. Although knowledge of chromosomal changes can provide insights into the processes underlying speciation, such data in Iochrominae are scant. We performed cytogenetic analyses to characterize chromosome number and morphology, CMA/DAPI heterochromatic bands, and distribution of rDNA sites in Iochrominae. Ancestral karyotypes were reconstructed on a newly-estimated molecular phylogeny in order to test congruence between karyotype evolution and clade differentiation. We found that, compared with its closest relatives, Iochrominae comprises species with highly symmetrical karyotypes, with no changes in base chromosome number. The common ancestor of Iochrominae was inferred to be a diploid with 2n = 24, with a karyotype with 0-2 submetacentric chromosomes and the rest metacentric, an arm ratio ca. 1.30, one locus of 45S or NORs, and one locus of 5S. Using phylogenetic comparative methods, we estimated the number of changes for these chromosomal traits, and found the highest for 5S loci. Patterns of character change are largely homoplastic, although combinations of traits can be useful to identify groups within Iochrominae. Asymmetry was the only character that allow us to differentiate this clade among its relatives. Overall, our study suggests that the diversification of Iochrominae has not been accompanied by the formation of strong chromosomal barriers, which may help to explain the crossability of many species and even genera within the group. Highlights • Iochrominae is a largely Andean clade known for its remarkable floral diversity • Ancestral karyotypes were reconstructed into a molecular phylogeny • Chromosomal changes are homoplastic, although combinations of traits identify groups within Iochrominae • Iochrominae comprises species with highly symmetrical karyotypes, mostly 2n = 24 • Diversification of Iochrominae has not been accompanied by strong chromosome barriers 2 Key Words asymmetry, chromosome, evolution, Iochrominae, karyotype, Solanaceae 1. Introduction The tomato family Solanaceae includes a diversity of economically important species, such as potatoes, chili peppers, eggplants and tobacco. All of these crops belong to a major lineage within the family informally called the "x = 12 clade" (Olmstead et al., 2008). Its roughly 2300 species share chromosome numbers based on 12 pairs, including the giant genus Solanum, with c. 1000-1500 species (Bohs, 2005). The conservation of this base chromosome number suggests that the diversification of this clade across all continents (except Antarctica) over roughly 20.921 million years ago (mya; Dupin et al., 2017;De-Silva et al., 2017) was not coupled with significant cytological evolution. Nonetheless, detailed cytological studies remain few, especially for diverse and poorly studied Neotropical groups. For example, there are only c. 52 chromosome counts for the entire tribe of tomatillo and its allies (Physalideae), comprising 29 genera and more than 200 spec...

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Patterns of chromosomal evolution in the florally diverse Andean clade Iochrominae (Solanaceae)

Deanna

Smith

Särkinen

et al. 2018

Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics

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Symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhiza amplifies herbivory interactions and decreases the energy of floral nectar

Vera,

Perez

2023

Preprint

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Background and Aims Arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) are crucial in terrestrial ecosystems, exchanging nutrients for carbon with plants and potentially modulating events on the soil surface by making nutrients available to herbivores and pollinators. The quadruple interactions between mycorrhizae, plants, herbivores, and pollinators are a complex phenomenon as a whole; a detailed understanding of their synergistic or antagonistic effects remains a pending research challenge. Methods To comprehend these multiple interactions, AM were inoculated into Nicotiana tabacum and the magnitude of the symbiotic effect on floral (nectar, floral morphology, floral count) and vegetative (plant size) characteristics was evaluated, as well as the effect on pollinator visitation rate and herbivory intensity. Results We support the hypothesis of a symbiotic effect with a tendency toward antagonism, resulting in negative consequences for the plant. Symbiosis decreased the synthesis of floral nectar, and consequently reduced the energy content of floral nectar, without producing any effect on the pollinator visitation rate. An increase in herbivory rate was observed in mycorrhizal plants, indicating that belowground symbiotic relationships enhanced surface-level antagonistic interactions. Conclusion Mycorrhiza negatively influenced the plant's metabolic activity, leading to repercussions for energy investment in both pollinator manipulation resources (nectar) and defense and protection against herbivores.

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Digest: Shape-shifting in Solanaceae flowers: The influence of pollinators*

Cited by 2 publications

References 10 publications

Patterns of chromosomal evolution in the florally diverse Andean clade Iochrominae (Solanaceae)

Patterns of chromosomal evolution in the florally diverse Andean clade Iochrominae (Solanaceae)

Symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhiza amplifies herbivory interactions and decreases the energy of floral nectar

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