Digit ratio (2D:4D) and its relationship to foetal and maternal sex steroids: A mini-review

Manning, John T.; Fink, Bernhard

doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2023.105799

Cited by 21 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…frogs, birds, rhesus monkeys, guinea baboons) [ 15 , 16 ]. This dimorphism appears to be associated with fetal exposure to maternal sex steroids and patterns of testosterone/estrogen receptor density in most species [ 17 , 18 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual dimorphism in peri-articular tissue anatomy – More keys to understanding sex-differences in osteoarthritis?

Eckstein,

Putz,

Wirth

2024

Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Open

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual dimorphism in peri-articular tissue anatomy – More keys to understanding sex-differences in osteoarthritis?

Eckstein,

Putz,

Wirth

2024

Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Open

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“…With regard to more direct evidence that sex differences in 2D:4D are testosterone dependent, there are nine studies that included manipulations of testosterone or its receptor; six of these report a masculinisation effect, one a feminisation effect, and two a null effect (Manning & Fink, 2023). The emergence from an aquatic existence is associated with a suite of traits, including the ability to process gaseous oxygen (Manning, 2002a, 2002b; Manning & Fink, 2023). Low testosterone compromises mitochondrial function (Yan et al, 2017), and in human males, it is linked to cardiovascular disease (Harada, ;2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The associations between digit ratio (2D:4D and right – left 2D:4D), maximal oxygen consumption and ventilatory thresholds in professional male football players

Parpa,

Manning,

Kobus

et al. 2024

American J Hum Biol

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IntroductionDigit ratio (2D:4D: the relative length of the 2nd and 4th digit) is thought to be a negative correlate of prenatal testosterone. The 2D:4D is related to oxygen metabolism, but the precise nature of this relationship is unclear. The purpose of the present study was to consider associations between digit ratios (right 2D:4D, left 2D:4D, right–left 2D:4D [Dr‐l]) and VO2max and ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2).MethodsOne hundred and thirty‐three Caucasian (n = 133) professional football players competing in Cyprus participated in the study. Players underwent anthropometric measurements, and digit lengths were measured from hand scans. They also completed an incremental cardiopulmonary test to exhaustion on a treadmill.ResultsThere were negative correlations between digit ratios and VO2max (right 2D:4D, r = −.65; left 2D:4D r = −.37, both p < .0001; Dr‐l r = −.30, p = .0005). There were no relationships between digit ratios and VT1. For VT2, there were negative relationships with digit ratios (right 2D:4D, r = −.43, p < .0001; left 2D:4D, r = −.21 and Dr‐l, r = −.21, both p = .02). Digit ratios are negatively related to VO2max with large (right 2D:4D) and medium (left 2D:4D, Dr‐l) effect sizes. For VT2, there were also negative correlations, which were medium (right 2D:4D) and small (left 2D:4D, Dr‐l).ConclusionOur findings may help clarify the relationships between digit ratios and high‐intensity actions for extended periods, which are dependent on efficient oxygen metabolism.

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“…The human hand's ratio of 2D:4D is sexually dimorphic and forms during the first trimester. Gender differences emerge early in pregnancy and remain stable during the 2nd trimester and beyond 12,13 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ratio of second and fourth finger lengths (2D:4D) can determine handedness

AKDENİZ

2023

Dicle Tıp Dergisi

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Objective: The human body exhibits both structural and functional asymmetry. One measure of this asymmetry is the ratio of 2D:4D, which is the proportion of measurements of the 2nd (2D) and 4th finger (4D). In this research, our objective is to investigate the potential association between the ratio of 2D:4D and handedness with voluntary individuals. Methods: A total of 312 individuals volunteered to take part in the research, where their left and right hand's 4th and 2nd finger lengths were measured using a precise digital caliper. The "Edinburgh Handedness Inventory" was used to determine hand lateralization. To determine the significance between the two independent groups, the Mann Whitney U Test was used. On the other hand, to determine the significance between the two dependent groups, the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test was utilized. Results: Of the participants, 154 were male and 158 were female (age range 18-55, mean age=28.34). According to the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory, 275 individuals were right handed, 18 were left handed, and 19 were bimanual. The Mann Whitney U Test showed a significant result in the ratio of right hand 2D:4D between male and female participants who were right handed (z =-1.979, p = 0.048). Additionally, the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test demonstrated a difference between the right and the left hand ratio of 2D:4D for all participants which was significant (z = -2.822, p = 0.005), as well as for participants who were right handed (z = -2.850, p = 0.004). Conclusion: The ratio of 2D:4D finger lengths could be a significant indicator of hand preference in both male and female healthy individuals. The ratio of 2D:4D holds potential as an indicator and research tool in understanding human emotions, thoughts, and behaviors.

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Digit ratio (2D:4D) and its relationship to foetal and maternal sex steroids: A mini-review

Cited by 21 publications

References 40 publications

Sexual dimorphism in peri-articular tissue anatomy – More keys to understanding sex-differences in osteoarthritis?

Sexual dimorphism in peri-articular tissue anatomy – More keys to understanding sex-differences in osteoarthritis?

The associations between digit ratio (2D:4D and right – left 2D:4D), maximal oxygen consumption and ventilatory thresholds in professional male football players

The ratio of second and fourth finger lengths (2D:4D) can determine handedness

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