Digital dermatitis in beef cattle

Sullivan, L. E.; Carter, Stuart; Blowey, Roger; Duncan, Jennifer; Grove‐White, Dai; Evans, Nicholas J.

doi:10.1136/vr.101802

Cited by 44 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Furthermore, DD is present in beef cattle (18) and increasing in incidence in sheep (10) in the United Kingdom. Taken together, these data suggest that all cloven-hoofed animals are potential hosts for DD treponemes, a situation with similarities to that of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (7).…”

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Isolation of Digital Dermatitis Treponemes from Hoof Lesions in Wild North American Elk (Cervus elaphus) in Washington State, USA

et al. 2015

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c Since 2008, a large increase in the numbers of cases of lameness have been seen in wild North American elk (Cervus elaphus) from Washington State, USA. The most recent cases manifested as foot lesions similar both clinically and pathologically to those seen in digital dermatitis (DD) in cattle and sheep, a disease with a bacterial etiopathogenesis. To determine whether the same bacteria considered responsible for DD are associated with elk lameness, lesion samples were subjected to bacterial isolation studies and PCR assays for three phylogroups of relevant DD treponemes. The DD treponemes were isolated from lesional tissues but not from control feet or other areas of the diseased foot (including the coronary band or interdigital space), suggesting that the bacteria are strongly associated with DD lesions and may therefore be causal. In addition, PCR analysis revealed that all three unique DD treponeme phylotypes were found in elk hoof disease, and in 23% of samples, all 3 DD-associated treponemes were present in lesions. Sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene showed that the elk lesion treponemes were phylogenetically almost identical to those isolated from cattle and sheep DD lesions. The isolates were particularly similar to two of the three culturable DD treponeme phylotypes: specifically, the Treponema medium/Treponema vincentii-like and Treponema phagedenislike DD spirochetes. The third treponeme culturable phylogroup (Treponema pedis), although detected by PCR, was not isolated. This is the first report describing isolation of DD treponemes from a wildlife host, suggesting that the disease may be evolving to include a wider spectrum of cloven-hoofed animals.

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Isolation of Digital Dermatitis Treponemes from Hoof Lesions in Wild North American Elk (Cervus elaphus) in Washington State, USA

et al. 2015

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“…The disease was first reported in 1980 in the United States (1) and in the late 1980s in the United Kingdom (2). BDD has also been confirmed in beef cattle (3,4), and over the last 30 years, the disease has been recognized as an important cause of bovine lameness (5).…”

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“…putidum-like" BDD spirochetes (34) with the latter now recognized as a new species, Treponema pedis (36). These three phylogroups of Treponema have also been reported in DD lesions in beef cattle (4) and also in DD lesions in goats (21) and elk (22). Due to the promiscuous nature of these treponemes and their growing host range, it is necessary to gain more information on their etiological role in currently infected species.…”

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High-Level Association of Bovine Digital Dermatitis Treponema spp. with Contagious Ovine Digital Dermatitis Lesions and Presence of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Dichelobacter nodosus

Sullivan¹,

Clegg²,

Angell

et al. 2015

J Clin Microbiol

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Digital dermatitis (DD) is an infectious lameness commonly found in dairy cattle worldwide, and it is known as bovine digital dermatitis (BDD) or papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD). The disease was first reported in 1980 in the United States (1) and in the late 1980s in the United Kingdom (2). BDD has also been confirmed in beef cattle (3, 4), and over the last 30 years, the disease has been recognized as an important cause of bovine lameness (5).Lameness in cattle and sheep has serious animal welfare and economic implications (6-9). The effects of lameness in cattle include a decrease in milk yield (9, 10) and fertility (8, 11-13) and an increase in rate of culling (12,14). This has been found to be particularly true for cattle suffering from BDD (8, 15, 16) with a recent study of the cost of lameness in the United States estimating that on average, BDD costs $133 per case (17).BDD is now a worldwide problem, and controlling BDD on dairy operations has proven difficult. Moreover, in the last 20 years, sheep in the United Kingdom have been identified with a form of DD termed contagious ovine digital dermatitis (CODD), which is rapidly emerging as a severe infectious foot disease since it was first reported in the United Kingdom in 1997 (18-20). Now, CODD has spread into the Republic of Ireland (20), and it was recently reported in dairy goats in the United Kingdom (21), indicating further cross-species transmission. The contagious nature of DD is also evident by the reports of a manifestation of the disease in a wildlife host, North American elk (Cervus elaphus) from Washington State (22). The reports of DD in previously unaffected species, including U.S. wildlife, suggests a much greater global threat of the disease than previously considered.BDD in cattle manifests in several forms, but most frequently as an ulcerative lesion of the digital skin located immediately above the coronary band between the heel bulbs which results in severe lameness (23). The clinical features of CODD in sheep are slightly different, mainly because the initial lesion site on the sheep foot is different. CODD lesions commence at the coronary band and then run under the hoof horn capsule dorsally and abaxially (24). CODD frequently presents a particularly severe outcome where the whole horn capsule can be lost (18,(25)(26)(27). As a result of the severity of the lesions, sheep can be extremely lame, impacting the welfare of the affected sheep (28). This is concurrent with the lesion pathology identified in elk, described as erosive lesions on

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“…The disease was first reported in dairy cattle in 1974, where it is known as bovine digital dermatitis (BDD) (1,2). The disease more recently has been reported in sheep (3,4), where it is known as contagious ovine digital dermatitis (CODD), and now has been confirmed in beef cattle (5,6).…”

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“…The phylogroups are described as Treponema medium-like, Treponema phagedenis-like, and Treponema denticola-like BDD spirochetes (16), with the latter now recognized as a new species, Treponema pedis (17). These DD treponeme phylogroups now have been detected and isolated in beef cattle DD lesions (5,6) and CODD lesions (18,19). Additionally, these specific Treponema phylogroups also have been reported in manifestations of DD in goats in the United Kingdom (20) and North American Elk (Cervus elaphus) from Washington State (21).…”

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The Gastrointestinal Tract as a Potential Infection Reservoir of Digital Dermatitis-Associated Treponemes in Beef Cattle and Sheep

Sullivan¹,

Carter²,

Duncan

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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bDigital dermatitis (DD) is an important cause of lameness in dairy cattle worldwide. It has now been reported in beef cattle and also sheep (contagious ovine digital dermatitis [CODD]). Three Treponema phylogroups are consistently isolated from lesions, Treponema medium-like, Treponema phagedenis-like, and Treponema pedis. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract and feces are suggested sites of treponemal infection in dairy cattle; however, isolation of DD-associated treponemes from these areas has previously failed. This study surveyed gingival tissues, rectal tissues, and feces of beef cattle and sheep for the molecular presence (PCR) and isolation of the three cultivable DD-treponeme phylogroups. Of the sheep gingival (n ‫؍‬ 40) and rectal (n ‫؍‬ 40) tissues, 1/40 gingival tissues was positive for DD-associated treponemes (T. pedis), as were 3/40 rectal tissues (one containing T. medium-like and two containing T. pedis). No DD-associated treponeme DNA was amplified from beef cattle rectal tissues (n ‫؍‬ 40); however, 4/40 beef gingival tissues were positive for DD-associated treponemes (all containing T. phagedenis-like). A T. phagedenis-like DD-associated treponeme was isolated from the rectal tissue of a CODD symptomatic sheep. Beef cattle (n ‫؍‬ 41) and sheep (n ‫؍‬ 79) feces failed to amplify DD-associated Treponema DNA. Twenty-two treponemes were isolated from sheep feces; however, upon phylogenetic analysis, these clustered with the considered nonpathogenic treponemes. This study detected DD-associated treponemes in the GI tract tissues of sheep and beef cattle and successfully isolated a DD-associated treponeme from ruminant rectal tissue. This gives evidence that the GI tract is an important infection reservoir of DD-associated treponemes in multiple DD-infected species. Digital dermatitis (DD) is an ulcerative lesion of the digital skin (1), causing severe lameness in dairy cattle worldwide. The disease was first reported in dairy cattle in 1974, where it is known as bovine digital dermatitis (BDD) (1, 2). The disease more recently has been reported in sheep (3, 4), where it is known as contagious ovine digital dermatitis (CODD), and now has been confirmed in beef cattle (5, 6).Over the last few decades, DD has been recognized as an important cause of bovine lameness (7) with serious animal welfare and economic implications, including reduced fertility and milk yield and an increase in the risk of culling (8-10). DD is now a worldwide problem, and controlling the disease on dairy operations has proven difficult due to there being no single effective treatment available. Furthermore, there are no data on treatment of DD in beef cattle, and treatment of CODD is difficult and rarely effective.The primary causative agents of DD are considered to be the spirochetal bacteria, treponemes, with a polytreponemal etiology (11-13). Cloning bacterial 16S rRNA genes indicated five phylogroups of treponemes in BDD lesions from Germany (14). Three Treponema phylogroups have been consistently isolated from dairy cattle les...

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Digital dermatitis in beef cattle

Cited by 44 publications

References 11 publications

Isolation of Digital Dermatitis Treponemes from Hoof Lesions in Wild North American Elk (Cervus elaphus) in Washington State, USA

Isolation of Digital Dermatitis Treponemes from Hoof Lesions in Wild North American Elk (Cervus elaphus) in Washington State, USA

High-Level Association of Bovine Digital Dermatitis Treponema spp. with Contagious Ovine Digital Dermatitis Lesions and Presence of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Dichelobacter nodosus

The Gastrointestinal Tract as a Potential Infection Reservoir of Digital Dermatitis-Associated Treponemes in Beef Cattle and Sheep

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