“…The rise of machine learning is driven by the ability to process “big data” and the need to deliver the best possible value- and evidence-based care. The utility of artificial intelligence (AI) coupled with machine learning, has generated much interest and many studies in clinical medicine [ 61 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 ]. The machine learning approach has been developed recently for advantages in performance and extensibility and has become indispensable for solving complex problems in most sciences [ 80 , 81 , 82 ].…”