Digital interaction literacy model – Conceptualizing competencies for literate interactions with voice-based AI systems

Design and validation of the AI literacy questionnaire: The affective, behavioural, cognitive and ethical approach

“…In education, AI literacy has drawn the attention of researchers and educators to prepare students and all citizens to live and work effectively and safely with AI (eg, Kandlhofer et al., 2016; Ng et al., 2021a, 2021b; Long & Magerko, 2020; UNESCO, 2022). As schools have started to implement curricula to foster students' AI literacy, recent scholars have developed assessment tools to understand students' learning in AI courses (eg, Carolus et al., 2023; Chai, Lin, et al., 2020; Chiu et al., 2021; Dai et al., 2020; Kong et al., 2023; Laupichler et al., 2022; Ng, Wu, et al., 2023; Pinski & Benlian 2023; Wang et al., 2022). These studies are some of the pioneers in developing test instruments for student AI learning and shed light on further research.…”

“…Carolus et al. (2023) conducted confirmatory factor analyses and created a 12‐item scale to specifically measure AI readiness among adult learners through self‐report assessment across four domains: ‘Use and apply AI’, ‘Understand AI’, ‘Detect AI’ and ‘Ethics’, based on the four cognitive domains proposed by Ng et al., (2021b). Laupichler et al.…”

“…However, these publications on measuring instruments focus primarily on cognitive and ethical domains and do not take into account students' attitudinal and behavioural characteristics to learn AI (Carolus et al., 2023; Wang et al., 2022). Second, these questionnaires were designed for individuals of various age ranges (Chai, Wang, et al., 2020).…”

“…However, modern definitions now encompass more complex learning processes. It has broadened to include competencies in different domains, such as financial, health and scientific literacy (Carolus et al., 2023). Digital literacy is an important competency that consists of various forms such as media and information literacy.…”

“…These literacies focus on the ability to apply, evaluate and communicate information effectively in a technological environment (Jin et al., 2020; Law et al., 2018). As the importance of AI continues to grow, digital literacy should also evolve to include AI literacy to prepare students to become responsible digital citizens in the modern world (Carolus et al., 2023).…”