“…In light of the prevalence of digital communication, it is crucial for individuals, especially students, to possess adequate digital media literacy skills. This encompasses several competencies, including the ability to find, access, and consume information and content from various sources; critically analyze and evaluate data; create creative messages; contemplate and act ethically; and participate in social activities, either individually or in conjunction with other parties (Hobbs, 2011;Sulaiman & Ahmadi, 2020;Susilo & Smith, 2023).…”