“…Therefore, determination of the envelope of an optical pulse becomes necessary. Numerical approach, the split step Fourier method (SSFM) has been applied to solve this equation [12][13][14][15] in case that nonlinear effects are significant; otherwise analytic approach is used instead. For single-channel optical communications, distortion is mainly contributed by chromatic dispersion, polarization mode dispersion, and nonlinear effects such as self-phase modulation (SPM) [9] and cross phase modulation (XPM).…”