Digital Twin of Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle: a detailed modelling approach of the hydrogen powertrain and the auxiliary systems

Bartolucci, Lorenzo; Cennamo, Edoardo; Cordiner, Stefano; Mulone, Vincenzo; Pasqualini, Ferdinando; Boot, Marco Aimo

doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202233406003

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Studies also demonstrate effectiveness in addressing critical battery system issues [72] and contribute to enhancing EV technology for sustainability [73]. Moreover, Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles (FCHEVs) have the potential to significantly contribute to decarbonization efforts [62] and offer a promising solution to mitigate environmental impact in the automotive sector [74].…”

Section: Digital Twin Of Electric Vehiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Digital Twin Framework for Simulating Distributed Energy Resources in Distribution Grids

Værbak,

Billanes,

Jørgensen

et al. 2024

Energies

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As the adoption of distributed energy resources (DERs) grows, the future of electricity distribution systems is confronted with significant challenges. These challenges arise from the transformation of consumers into prosumers and the resulting increased system complexity, leading to more pressure on the distribution grids. To address this complexity, a Digital Twin framework is designed to simulate DERs within distribution grids effectively. This framework is structured around four key modules: DERs, the electricity distribution grid, the energy management system, and the consumers. It incorporates a communication interface to facilitate interactions among these modules and includes considerations for grid topologies and demand-side configurations. The framework allows for the exploration of various DER adoption rates and capacities. The validation of this framework involves case studies on two Danish distribution grids with scenarios incorporating rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems, batteries, and electric vehicles, considering different combinations of these technologies. The findings demonstrate the framework’s ability to depict the states of the grid, PV systems, electric vehicles, and battery systems with a 10 min resolution over periods ranging from a day to over a decade.

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Section: Digital Twin Of Electric Vehiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Digital Twin Framework for Simulating Distributed Energy Resources in Distribution Grids

Værbak,

Billanes,

Jørgensen

et al. 2024

Energies

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“…The digital twin was represented in the form of multi-physics field contours and had the goal of predicting health operation envelopes of relevant parameters like temperature, relative humidity, oxygen concentration, and liquid saturation, while in [112], the digital twin was used to predict the fuel cell remaining life. In [114,115], the concept of digital twins has been applied to a fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle to evaluate the impact of auxiliary systems on the driving range and to test different energy management strategies. In [116], a digital twin was used to predict voltage, temperature, and membrane water content for in situ operation control.…”

Section: From Dynamic Models To Digital Twinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation Approaches and Validation Issues for Open-Cathode Fuel Cell Systems in Manned and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Donateo

2024

Energies

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Hydrogen is a promising energy carrier in all fields of transportation, including unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and manned vehicles for urban air mobility (UAM). In these applications, one of the biggest challenges is to overcome the limitations of lithium battery technologies, while keeping the advantage of clean energy, at least in terms of direct emissions. For these reasons, there is an ever-increasing interest in the development, simulation, and testing of propulsion systems adopting air-cooled proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Fuel cells for aerospace must be designed for power-to-weight maximization. For this reason, auxiliary systems are simplified, and the adoption of air-cooling and passive cooling techniques is favored. However, the performance and dynamic behavior of PEMFCs are affected by the operating conditions, which, in applications like UAVs and UAM, are continuously changing due to the variation of speed and altitude during the flight. This investigation analyzes semi-empirical and control-oriented models of fuel cell systems proposed in the scientific literature. The review addresses the whole fuel cell system, inclusive of the balance of the plant, and introduces the transition from dynamic models to digital twins.

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“…The first implemented strategy is a Range Extender (RE) control, basically a thermostatic rule-based control, in which the battery pack is considered to be the primary source of energy, while the FC stack represents an onboard charger. During the Discharge phase, the vehicle runs in full electric, with the FC stack switched OFF, thus letting the discharge of the State Of Charge (SOC) until a fixed lower bound (45%); a Recharge phase has then been implemented, in which the FC stack is switched ON and it is controlled at a fixed output power to recharge the battery until a fixed upper bound (70%) [16]- [24].…”

Section: Vehicle Simulation Platformmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Fuel Cell experimental characterization and modeling towards the development of a Hardware-in-the-Loop platform for advanced powertrain design

Bartolucci,

Cennamo,

Cordiner

et al. 2023

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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Greenhouse gas emissions in transport sector is a critical issue, with automobiles and trucks responsible for emitting nearly 5.9Gt of CO2. Addressing climate change is then of paramount importance to avoid irreversible consequences. Advanced technologies are being developed to achieve this goal. Among them, Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles (FCHEVs) offer several benefits, including wide applicability and range, short refueling times, and no tailpipe emissions, that can only be exploited if optimizing their design. This requires time and cost-consuming iterative processes, and Digital Twins (DTs) and Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) test benches are then gaining importance with respect to prototype manufacturing. In this study, the basis for a HIL application is posed, including a 2kW Fuel Cell (FC) and a bidirectional DC power supply used to emulate the electric motor. After characterizing the FC, DTs have been calibrated and validated through experimental tests; DTs have then been included into a FCHEV microcar model and its performances have been analyzed. Results have shown high accuracy in representing the real FC performance, with a 5% maximum error from the energy standpoint. Moreover, HIL approach has been proved to be fundamental for catching peculiar transient phenomena, significantly impacting on the powertrain design and performance.

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Digital Twin of Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle: a detailed modelling approach of the hydrogen powertrain and the auxiliary systems

Cited by 11 publications

References 16 publications

A Digital Twin Framework for Simulating Distributed Energy Resources in Distribution Grids

A Digital Twin Framework for Simulating Distributed Energy Resources in Distribution Grids

Simulation Approaches and Validation Issues for Open-Cathode Fuel Cell Systems in Manned and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Fuel Cell experimental characterization and modeling towards the development of a Hardware-in-the-Loop platform for advanced powertrain design

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