Digital watermarking-based DCT and JPEG model

Suhail, M. A.; Obaidat, Mohammad S.

doi:10.1109/tim.2003.817155

Cited by 148 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The algorithm based on disceret-cosine transform (DCT) is one of schemes that provides a high robustness and very low perceptibility [7]. DCT is a linear transform that allows a spatial signal to be represented in the frequency domain.…”

Section: Fig 1 the Block Diagram Of Generating A Heterogeneous Qr Codementioning

confidence: 99%

Design of a Heterogeneous QR code for Internet of Things Based on Digital Watermarking Techniques

Wu¹

2015

Proceedings of the 2015 3rd International Conference on Machinery, Materials and Information Technology Applications

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Abstract.A systematic solution based on the design of a heterogeneous code is proposed to promote the unified governance foundation of the existing Internet of Things (IoT). The proposed scheme enables advanced functionalities and maintains the compatibility with applications of the existing identifications (QR code) of things in IoT. The heterogeneous QR code is generated by invoking digital watermarking technique which embed a so called IoT standards code to the QR code. The result has shown that the heterogeneous QR code is backward compatible which implies that the embedding of the standards code does not introduce any reading difficulties to the original QR code. Moreover, a preprocessing scheme based on digital modulation is proposed for the standards code. The result has shown that the preprocessing is capable of enhancing the bit loading capability for standards code when given a fixed length of watermark for the sake of maintaining an acceptable performance.

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Section: Fig 1 the Block Diagram Of Generating A Heterogeneous Qr Codementioning

confidence: 99%

Design of a Heterogeneous QR code for Internet of Things Based on Digital Watermarking Techniques

Wu¹

2015

Proceedings of the 2015 3rd International Conference on Machinery, Materials and Information Technology Applications

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“…Thus, both an error correcting capability and synchronization process are required for watermarking methods. Suhail and Obaidat [5] proposed a method in which an image is segmented on the basis of a Voronoi diagram, but the method cannot decode from a cropped image.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Method of Spread Spectrum Watermarking Using Quantization Index Modulation for Cropped Images

Yamamoto

Kawamura

2015

IEICE Trans. Inf. & Syst.

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SUMMARYWe propose a method of spread spectrum digital watermarking with quantization index modulation (QIM) and evaluate the method on the basis of IHC evaluation criteria. The spread spectrum technique can make watermarks robust by using spread codes. Since watermarks can have redundancy, messages can be decoded from a degraded stego-image. Under IHC evaluation criteria, it is necessary to decode the messages without the original image. To do so, we propose a method in which watermarks are generated by using the spread spectrum technique and are embedded by QIM. QIM is an embedding method that can decode without an original image. The IHC evaluation criteria include JPEG compression and cropping as attacks. JPEG compression is lossy compression. Therefore, errors occur in watermarks. Since watermarks in stego-images are out of synchronization due to cropping, the position of embedded watermarks may be unclear. Detecting this position is needed while decoding. Therefore, both error correction and synchronization are required for digital watermarking methods. As countermeasures against cropping, the original image is divided into segments to embed watermarks. Moreover, each segment is divided into 8 × 8 pixel blocks. A watermark is embedded into a DCT coefficient in a block by QIM. To synchronize in decoding, the proposed method uses the correlation between watermarks and spread codes. After synchronization, watermarks are extracted by QIM, and then, messages are estimated from the watermarks. The proposed method was evaluated on the basis of the IHC evaluation criteria. The PSNR had to be higher than 30 dB. Ten 1920 × 1080 rectangular regions were cropped from each stego-image, and 200-bit messages were decoded from these regions. Their BERs were calculated to assess the tolerance. As a result, the BERs were less than 1.0%, and the average PSNR was 46.70 dB. Therefore, our method achieved a high image quality when using the IHC evaluation criteria. In addition, the proposed method was also evaluated by using StirMark 4.0. As a result, we found that our method has robustness for not only JPEG compression and cropping but also additional noise and Gaussian filtering. Moreover, the method has an advantage in that detection time is small since the synchronization is processed in 8 × 8 pixel blocks.

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“…For example, the methods of watermarking obtained by modifying the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) coefficients and the discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients were proposed in [3]- [4]. However many researchers demonstrated that watermarking in the transform domain is not robust to geometrical attacks, e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Curvelet transform for watermarking based on amplitude modulation

Lari

Ghofrani

McLernon

2013

SIViP

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In this paper we propose a precise and robust watermarking scheme based on the technique called amplitude modulation. A watermark is embedded in a color image by modifying the pixel values in the blue channel. At the receiver, the watermark bits are retrieved using a prediction system, by a linear combination of nearby pixel values around the embedded pixels, and without having the original image. Because amplitude modulation is a spatial-domain watermarking method, it may not be robust enough, i.e. incapable of exact watermark retrieval. In order to enhance the bit retrieval, we apply a Gaussian mask to equalize the luminance intensity; we employ the pixel value replacing technique to enhance the prediction performance; and we use two additional bits as a geometrical reference. In addition, we demonstrate that choosing an improper location (like singularities) for watermarking will lead the prediction system to malfunction. In order to increase the robustness, we propose using the Curvelet transform to detect singularities such as lines and curves and prevent the system from using these locations in an image for embedding the watermark bits. The experimental results indicate that our proposed method has a better performance in comparison with two other similar approaches and in addition it is robust against various geometrical and non-geometrical attacks as well as having a good imperceptibility.

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Digital watermarking-based DCT and JPEG model

Cited by 148 publications

References 10 publications

Design of a Heterogeneous QR code for Internet of Things Based on Digital Watermarking Techniques

Design of a Heterogeneous QR code for Internet of Things Based on Digital Watermarking Techniques

Method of Spread Spectrum Watermarking Using Quantization Index Modulation for Cropped Images

Using Curvelet transform for watermarking based on amplitude modulation

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