“…The potential for developing LiNbO 3 thin films is of particular interest for integrated and miniaturized devices such as optical filters, optical waveguides or modulators, and reduced control voltage [ 6 , 11 , 12 ]. In fact, epitaxial thin films of LN have found applications in various devices so far, including optical switches [ 13 ], photonic crystals [ 14 ], solid-state batteries [ 15 ], surface acoustic wave (SAW) and bulk acoustic wave (BAW) devices [ 16 , 17 , 18 ], and quantum memories [ 19 ]. In addition, it has been reported that incorporating LiNbO 3 layers into lithium ion battery (LIB) systems might enhance their stability, mitigate unwanted reactions, and facilitate the transfer of lithium across surfaces [ 20 , 21 ].…”