Diketopiperazines from Marine Organisms

Abstract

Diketopiperazines (DKPs), which are cyclic dipeptides, have been detected in a variety of natural resources. Recently, the interest in these compounds increased significantly because of their remarkable bioactivity. This review deals with the chemical structures, biosynthetic pathways, and biological activities of DKPs from marine microorganisms, sponges, sea stars, tunicates (ascidians), and red algae. The literature has been covered up to December 2008, and a total 124 DKPs from 104 publications have been discussed and reviewed. Some of these compounds have been found to possess various bioactivities including cytotoxicity, and antibacterial, antifungal, antifouling, plant-growth regulatory, and other activities.

Fungal secondary metabolite analysis applied to Cultural Heritage: the case of a contaminated library in Venice

“…All the Eurotium strains showed the production of the metabolite neoechinulin A (Butinar et al, 2005;Slack et al, 2009). As regards of E. halophilicum strains, some of them were characterized by the production of pseurotin A and D and tryprostatin B, already known as typical metabolites of A. fumigatus (Huang et al, 2010). Moreover, two compounds typically belonging to other fungal species were pointed out: chaetoviridin A from Chaetomium sp.…”

Isolation and Structural Determination of the Antifouling Diketopiperazines from Marine-Derived <i>Streptomyces praecox</i> 291-11

“…26,27) Although many biosynthetic classes of compounds have been found from marine actinomycetes, only four DKPs have been reported. 28) DKPs are a relatively unexplored class of bioactive peptides that may have great promise in the future. 29) Many recent studies have focused on these compounds because of their significant biological activities, including antimicrobial, 30) antiviral, 31) and antifungal effects.…”

Tentative biosynthetic pathways of some microbial diketopiperazines

“…The diketopiperazines (DKPs) are comprised of a broad array of secondary metabolites that are mainly produced by microorganisms (Huang et al 2010). They were first discovered in 1880 and later studied by E. Fischer (1906).…”