Dilatometry

Zoller, P.

doi:10.1002/0471440264.pst613

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…For instance, it has been reported that for a variety of polymers, the cooling rate dependence of T g exhibits the following relationship: dT g /dlog q ≈ 3 K. [13,[30][31][32] Also, the T g shows a pressure dependence, which increases with the pressure by 0.3 °C per MPa. [13,[33][34][35]…”

Section: The Glass Transition Phenomenamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…www.mcp-journal.de of time, temperature, pressure, etc., [35] from which the T g can be obtained. A volume dilatometer is used to investigate the pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) response.…”

Section: Wwwadvancedsciencenewscommentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[322] Hence, the mechanical, electrical and optical properties spontaneously evolve with time. For example, the modulus and yield stress increase with aging time, and material exhibits embrittlement, [323,324] which then affect the long-term performance of the material.…”

Section: How Does Physical Aging Affect Conjugated Polymers?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[16] The physical aging for nonconjugated polymers has been deeply investigated by different experimental techniques, including volume dilatometry, [31,325] DSC, [326] dielectric spectroscopy, [327] and rheometry. [328,329] Several rev iews [16,17,73,[322][323][324]330,331] have been published and the interested readers can refer to those works for details. Importantly, there are several signatures for physical aging of glassy polymers.…”

Section: How Does Physical Aging Affect Conjugated Polymers?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Glass Transition Phenomenon for Conjugated Polymers

Qian

Cao

Galuska

et al. 2019

Macro Chemistry & Physics

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Conjugated polymers are emerging as promising building blocks for a broad range of modern applications including skin‐like electronics, wearable optoelectronics, and sensory technologies. In the past three decades, the optical and electronic properties of conjugated polymers have been extensively studied, while their thermomechanical properties, especially the glass transition phenomenon which fundamentally represents the polymer chain dynamics, have received much less attention. Currently, there is a lack of design rules that underpin the glass transition temperature of these semirigid conjugated polymers, putting a constraint on the rational polymer design for flexible stretchable devices and stable polymer glass that is needed for the devices’ long‐term morphology stability. In this review article, the glass transition phenomenon for polymers, glass transition theories, and characterization techniques are first discussed. Then previous studies on the glass transition phenomenon of conjugated polymers are reviewed and a few empirical design rules are proposed to fine‐tune the glass transition temperature for conjugated polymers. The review paper is finished with perspectives on future directions on studying the glass transition phenomena of conjugated polymers. The goal of this perspective is to draw attention to challenges and opportunities of controlling, predicting, and designing polymeric semiconductors, specifically to accommodate their end use.

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Section: The Glass Transition Phenomenamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Wwwadvancedsciencenewscommentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: How Does Physical Aging Affect Conjugated Polymers?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: How Does Physical Aging Affect Conjugated Polymers?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Glass Transition Phenomenon for Conjugated Polymers

Qian

Cao

Galuska

et al. 2019

Macro Chemistry & Physics

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“…These techniques, individually or in combination (as, for example in automatic continuous online monitoring of polymerization reactions , ) can give extraordinary detail, but are expensive to acquire and maintain. (ii) The second category uses less sophisticated analytical tools such as balances, refractometers, Ostwald viscometers, and dilatometers. − These benchtop tools are easily accessible in research laboratories and at quality-control stations. Of the techniques available, dilatometry (which measures volume and assumes constant mass, and thus effectively measures density) is closest to the MagLev techniqueswhich we describe herethat measure density directly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic Levitation To Characterize the Kinetics of Free-Radical Polymerization

Semenov

Nagarkar

et al. 2017

J. Am. Chem. Soc.

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This work describes the development of magnetic levitation (MagLev) to characterize the kinetics of free-radical polymerization of water-insoluble, low-molecular-weight monomers that show a large change in density upon polymerization. Maglev measures density, and certain classes of monomers show a large change in density when monomers covalently join in polymer chains. MagLev characterized both the thermal polymerization of methacrylate-based monomers and the photopolymerization of methyl methacrylate and made it possible to determine the orders of reaction and the Arrhenius activation energy of polymerization. MagLev also made it possible to monitor polymerization in the presence of solids (aramid fibers, and carbon fibers, and glass fibers). MagLev offers a new analytical technique to materials and polymer scientists that complements other methods (even those based on density, such as dilatometry), and will be useful in investigating polymerizations, evaluating inhibition of polymerizations, and studying polymerization in the presence of included solid materials (e.g., for composite materials).

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A close look at polymer degree of crystallinity versus polymer crystalline quality

Venkatram

McCollum

Stingelin

et al. 2023

Polymer International

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In the broader polymer field, the term ‘crystallinity’ is often used rather loosely. However, increasingly, it becomes critical to clearly distinguish between degree of crystallinity, which provides the fractional amount of crystalline phase in a polymer, and the crystalline quality, which describes the perfection of the crystalline moieties that may form in a polymer. The reason is that these different structural features dictate important properties of plastic materials, including the mechanical properties of commodity polymers and the behavior of macromolecular ferroelectrics; they also determine which photophysical processes occur in semiconducting polymers. Hence, rigor needs to be applied when establishing structure/processing/property interrelations; and it should become a general practice that specific functions are clearly attributed to the degree of crystallinity, the crystalline quality or a combination of the two. In this perspective, in memoriam of Professor Dick Jones, a long‐time member of IUPAC's Polymer Division, we discuss the challenges of identifying—and distinguishing between—these important structural characteristics when using commonly applied measuring techniques and/or theoretical approaches. This task is often elaborate, as small changes in the chemical nature of the polymer and/or processing conditions selected can have drastic effects on both the crystalline quality and the degree of crystallinity, an issue that combined with the general ambiguity of data obtained with methodologies used to characterize polymer structures, theoretically or experimentally based. © 2023 The Authors. Polymer International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Industrial Chemistry.

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Dilatometry

Cited by 4 publications

References 52 publications

Glass Transition Phenomenon for Conjugated Polymers

Glass Transition Phenomenon for Conjugated Polymers

Magnetic Levitation To Characterize the Kinetics of Free-Radical Polymerization

A close look at polymer degree of crystallinity versus polymer crystalline quality

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