Dilute solutions in molten metals and alloys

Alcock, C. B.; Richardson, F. D.

doi:10.1016/0001-6160(58)90017-8

Cited by 102 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…[14] it is possible to obtain formulas for calculation of both eZn Pb and ,zn sn in which the ~(T) functions for binary systems appear. Similar formulas with the relations for limiting activity coefficients were proposed by Alcock and Richardson (15,16) and by Lupis and Elliott (17,18) assuming a random distribution of atoms in solution eZn Pb = In 7~ --In 7~ --in 7~ [16] ezn s~-----in 7~ --In 7~…”

Section: Application Of Krupkowski's Methods In the Thermodynamic Analsupporting

confidence: 59%

“…[14] and values of (ln-yz)Xz,_~0 were calculated from Eq. [15], in both cases at 714% 805 ~ and 877~ It is seen when comparing these calculated values summarized in Table III, with experimental values in Tables I and III that It is interesting to note that by differentiating Eq. [14] it is possible to obtain formulas for calculation of both eZn Pb and ,zn sn in which the ~(T) functions for binary systems appear.…”

Section: Application Of Krupkowski's Methods In the Thermodynamic Analmentioning

confidence: 67%

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Interaction Parameters in the Zn‐Pb‐Sn System at Low Zinc Concentration

Moser

Zakulski

1975

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The thermodynamic properties of liquid dilute zinc solutions at a lead concentration of Xpb ----0.01-0.7 molar fraction were determined by means of emf measurements of concentration cells. These investigations combined with previous analogical experiments at a tin concentration ot Xsn ----0.01-0.1 molar fraction enabled the calculation of ternary interaction parameters czn Pb and eznS~ from plots (in ~zn)xz,r~o vs. Xpb. For the binary end-points on the plots in 7 vs. X and (In ~ ) vs. X separate measurements were carried Zn Pb Zn XZ n---> 0 Pb out for Zn-Sn and Zn-Pb systems at concentrations up to 0.1 molar fraction of zinc. Experimental results were interpreted by means of Krupkowski's formalism and attempts were made to calculate eZn Pb and ezn sn On the basis of limiting values of activity coefficients of components of binary systems Zn-Sn, Zn-Pb, and Pb-Sn.Initiated several years ago, experimental investigations on dilute binary and ternary liquid metal solutions by the emf method of concentration ceils have several aims. First of all, from the experimental point of view it was necessary to adjust the concentration range where the emf method of concentration cells gives satisfactory results. It was shown that experiments on zinc alloys at a concentration of Xz, ----0.01-0.1 molar fraction give results associated with considerable error, in the case of alloys like Zn-Cd (1), Zn-In (2), and Zn-Ga (3) with components which are close in position to zinc in the electromotive series. This is the result of side reactions between ZnC12 from the electrolyte and cadmium, indium, gallium from the alloy electrode, respectively. As a result, when composite binaries show side reactions, experiments in the ternary systems (4) were not carried out at the lowest concentration, Xzn = 0.01 mole fraction. The binary systems influence the thermodynamic behavior in ternary systems, especially when they show considerable deviations from Raoult's law. For example the Zn-Pb system with marked positive deviations, plays a decisive role in investigations on ternary systems when small amounts of a third component (Bi,Sb,In, and Cd) are added (4). The present measurements on the Zn-Pb-Sn ternary system fit this pattern. The analysis of the plots (In Vzn)xz,.~0 vs. X i (where i is component 2 or 3 of the investigated ternary) have shown that the direction and magnitude of deviation from linear dependence is directly connected with properties of the 2-3 system without zinc (4). The aim of the present paper is the determination of ternary interaction parameters eZn Pb and Ezn sn from experimental data from plots (ln 7z )Xz,_~0 vs. Xpb. These plots were obtained by combining the results from a previous paper (5) at Xsn ~ 0.01-0.1 with the data presented in this paper at XVD ----0.01-0.7 mole fraction. Some attempts were carried out also to calculate both ezn rb and ,za sn from the limiting values of the activity coefficients of the composite binaries. ExperimentalExperiments were carried out over the temperature range 714~176 by means of co...

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Section: Application Of Krupkowski's Methods In the Thermodynamic Analsupporting

confidence: 59%

Section: Application Of Krupkowski's Methods In the Thermodynamic Analmentioning

confidence: 67%

Interaction Parameters in the Zn‐Pb‐Sn System at Low Zinc Concentration

Moser

Zakulski

1975

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…[4] and it defines the mixed equilibrium constant K M , as in eq. [5]. The "standard state" for MX, is still the state of pure molten MX, at all temperatures.…”

Section: Thermodynamic Treatment Of Rnitlticonzporzent Molten Salt Somentioning

confidence: 98%

“…[5] may be w&en in terms of the partial molar free energies of mixing, AGi, and is given as eq. [6].…”

Section: Thermodynamic Treatment Of Rnitlticonzporzent Molten Salt Somentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamic treatment of multicomponent fused salt solutions: common anion reactive systems approximation

Flengas¹

1991

Can. J. Chem.

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From a modified F.F.G. (1) thermodynamic cycle, equations have been developed from which the molar and partial molar excess thermodynamic properties of j-component molten salt solutions may be predicted from binary data.The theory is applicable to reactive molten salt systems and particularly to charge asymmetric fused salt solutions with common anions.It is shown that for a system having j + 1 components, such as [Formula: see text], any molar or partial molar property of mixing for MXq, may be calculated from available data on corresponding j-binary systems, such as MXq–AX, MXq–BX, and [Formula: see text].The equations are of the general form,[Formula: see text]The latter is applicable only when the multicomponent and the binary solutions have the same MXq content and same temperature.The theoretical expressions have been found to predict quite well available data on ternary and quarternary systems. New composition parameters for expressing the compositions in quarternary and quinary systems have been established. Key words: molten salt solutions, multicomponent systems, ternary systems, quarternary systems, quinary systems.

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“…The sulfur activities measured by Nagamori and Rosenqvist [73] using N 2 /S 2 equilibration and some of the data of Sudo do not agree with the others. The sulfur activity data in the metal-rich region [47,72,[74][75][76][77] number more than 130 and are somewhat dispersed but generally in agreement. The miscibility gap boundary measurements [46,47,69,70,72,[78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85] are scattered but are generally consistent except for the data of Moulki and Osterwald, [85] which indicate a lower consolute temperature than the others.…”

Section: Copper-sulfur Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamic modeling of liquid Fe-Ni-Cu-Co-S mattes

Kongoli

Pelton

Dessureault³

1998

Metall Mater Trans B

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The modified quasichemical model for short-range ordering is described for liquid metal-sulfur solutions. Available thermodynamic data for molten Fe-S, Ni-S, Cu-S, and Co-S solutions are collected, critically evaluated, and optimized by means of the model. Very good descriptions of the thermodynamic properties are obtained with few parameters. Using only these binary parameters, the model predicts the thermodynamic properties of Fe-Ni-S, Fe-Cu-S, Ni-Cu-S, and Fe-Ni-Cu-S mattes over a wide range of composition and temperature within experimental error limits.

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Dilute solutions in molten metals and alloys

Cited by 102 publications

References 9 publications

Interaction Parameters in the Zn‐Pb‐Sn System at Low Zinc Concentration

Interaction Parameters in the Zn‐Pb‐Sn System at Low Zinc Concentration

Thermodynamic treatment of multicomponent fused salt solutions: common anion reactive systems approximation

Thermodynamic modeling of liquid Fe-Ni-Cu-Co-S mattes

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