Dimension engineering on cesium lead iodide for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells

Liao, Jinfeng; Rao, Huashang; Chen, Baixue; Kuang, Dai‐Bin; Su, Cheng‐Yong

doi:10.1039/c6ta09582h

Cited by 209 publications

(167 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Better stability was also later obtained by Liao et al by integrating inorganic cation cesium (Cs): the device exhibited superior moisture stability (30% relative humidity) and heat testing at 85 °C. [123] This is further supported by another finding by Tsai et al: after varying the film growth direction via the solution-based hot-casting, thin films of near-single-crystalline quality with strong preferential out-of-plane alignment was observed. [124] Another approach to synthesizing 2D/3D mixed perovskite was proposed by Li et al using a sequential deposition in which a phenylethylammonium iodide (PEAI) was incorporated to form mixed cation FA x PEA 1−x PbI 3 , in which the introduced PEA cation was capable of assembling on both the lattice surface and grain boundaries.…”

Section: D/3d Multidimensional Perovskitesupporting

confidence: 76%

Low‐Dimensional Perovskites: From Synthesis to Stability in Perovskite Solar Cells

Yusoff

Nazeeruddin

2017

Advanced Energy Materials

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ruthenium molecular dye, wide absorption range, direct and tunable bandgaps, superior charge carrier mobility, and long carrier diffusion length. [6,[43][44][45] Although it has been synthesized for over 100 years, Mitzi et al. were the first to investigate the electrical properties of tin-based perovskite in 1994, [46] which was later used in numerous devices, including field effect transistors (FETs) and LEDs. [47][48][49] The attention toward metal halide perovskites sparked yet again in 2009, [42] and they were later named one of the most promising emerging technologies in 2016. In brief, metal halide perovskites can be divided into two types based on their crystal structure motif: (i) 3D-structured perovskite (AMX 3 ) and (ii) 2D-structured perovskite (A 2 MX 4 ). The structure of the perovskite could either be 2D or 3D, while the dimensions of the perovskite probably belong to 0D-3D. The term "perovskite" implies to the general class of materials derived from an elemental composition of AMX 3 and demonstrates the crystal structure of perovskite crystal CaTiO 3 , where the divalent metal M resides at the body center and surrounded by six X-anions located at the face centers in an octahedral cluster. The MX 6 in the octahedral cluster may form an extended 3D structure by all-corner-connected type with A-cation sitting at the center. It could also form a 2D perovskite when the 3D perovskite network is cut into one-layer-thick slices along the 〈100〉 direction and separates them apart. In principle, 2D perovskite is the easiest to synthesize because of its natural layered structure, which is held together by weak van der Waals forces. Dou et al. reported the large-scale synthesis of the monolayer (C 4 H 9 NH 3 ) 2 -PbBr 4 by a chemical method. [50] Along the same lines, several groups have prepared and characterized nanomaterials composed of various forms of perovskites. [51][52][53] Also, our group has recently successfully prepared a low-dimensional mixed 2D/3D perovskite using the protonated salt of amino valeric acid iodide (AVAI) as an organic precursor mixed with PbI 2 , in which a yellowish film was containing needle-like crystallite formed. [54] In this topical review, we present the latest advances in the synthesis of low-dimensional perovskites and the growth mechanism to develop a strategy to achieve best performing devices. Later, we focus the instability and a cost-effective solution to circumvent this problem, which is vital for the eventual deployment of perovskite solar cells to consumers market. We present an analysis of the origins for instability in perovskite solar cells, and present a summary of the main achievements and possible future developments of these low-dimensional perovskite. [2,55] Perovskite solar cells have been heralded as one of the most promising emerging technologies in 2016 because of the very high power conversion efficiency of 22% and the low cost of generating electricity compared to even fossil fuels. These are formed with various dimensionalities and can be fully mani...

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Section: D/3d Multidimensional Perovskitesupporting

confidence: 76%

Low‐Dimensional Perovskites: From Synthesis to Stability in Perovskite Solar Cells

Yusoff

Nazeeruddin

2017

Advanced Energy Materials

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“…Although similar bandgap could also be obtained from the organicinorganic mixed halide perovskite by tuning the halide composition, halide segregation could be a source of photo instability. [7] Other strategies for stabilizing CsPbI 3 which are also effective in improving cell performance include the use of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) introducing intermediate phase for perovskite formation, [13,14] reducing grain size, [15] incorporating other metallic element to the B site in the ABX 3 perovskite [16,17] and the use of bulky organic cations on top of perovskite to pas sivate the device, [18][19][20][21][22][23] resulting in the highest PCE of 17.1%. [2] Phase instability has been the main challenge of CsPbI 3 cells, due to transition to the undesirable nonperovskite yellow phase (δCsPbI 3 ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of Efficient and Stable CsPbI₃ Perovskite Solar Cells through Cation Exchange Process

Lau

Wang

Sakai

et al. 2019

Advanced Energy Materials

112

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and rapid increase in power conversion efficiency (PCE) to 25.2% most recently reported. [1] Inorganic lead halide perov skites have also attracted attention with the number of research work and demon strated efficiencies constantly on the rise [2] due to the elimination of organic cat ions and tolerance to higher processing temperatures.Among inorganic halide perovskites, CsPbI 3 has gained popularity due to the optical bandgap of 1.72 eV, which is suit able for tandem devices combining with either silicon or low bandgap perovskite solar cells. Although similar bandgap could also be obtained from the organicinorganic mixed halide perovskite by tuning the halide composition, halide segregation could be a source of photo instability. Hence, achieving stable and highly efficient CsPbI 3 PSCs is important and meaningful. [2] Phase instability has been the main challenge of CsPbI 3 cells, due to transition to the undesirable nonperovskite yellow phase (δCsPbI 3 ). [3,4] To stabilize the CsPbI 3 and achieve the desirable photoactive perovskite black phase albeit orthorhombic (γCsPbI 3 ) [5] and to improve the PSC perfor mance, different approaches have been used such as replacing iodide with bromide to form CsPbI 2 Br and CsPbIBr 2 [6-12] but introduces complication such as bandgap increase and halide segregation. [7] Other strategies for stabilizing CsPbI 3 which are also effective in improving cell performance include the use of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) introducing intermediate phase for perovskite formation, [13,14] reducing grain size, [15] incorporating other metallic element to the B site in the ABX 3 perovskite [16,17] and the use of bulky organic cations on top of perovskite to pas sivate the device, [18][19][20][21][22][23] resulting in the highest PCE of 17.1%. [24] Recently, "HPbI 3 " was used to replace PbI 2 in the precursor when fabricating CsPbI 3 perovskite, [23][24][25] resulting in the for mation of αCsPbI 3 with more uniform grain sizes at a lower temperature below typical perovskite phase transition point. With the replacement, PSCs could reach PCE higher than 10%. However, it is still questionable if inorganic CsPbI 3 is formed using "HPbI 3 " which has been questioned by Ke et al. that if it even exists arguing that the product of mixing PbI 2 with hydri odic acid (HI) in N,Ndimethylformamide (DMF) typically used by many research groups is in fact dimethylammonium Inorganic lead halide perovskites have attracted attention due to their tolerance to higher processing temperature and higher bandgap suitable for tandem solar cell application. Not only do they improve cell stability and efficiency, they also reveal many interesting and un-anticipated material qualities. This work reports a simple cation exchange growth (CEG) method for fabricating inorganic high-quality cesium lead iodide (CsPbI 3 ) by adding methylammonium iodide (MAI) additive in the precursor. X-ray diffraction results reveal a multi-stage film formation process whereby i) MAPbI 3 perovskite first formed that acts as a perovskite ...

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“…[15] Therefore, addressing the long-term stability is a primary concern for the perovskite solar cells community. [17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Among them CsPbI 3-x Br x with the band gap of around 1.73 eV showed promising, by stabilizing the α-phase, control growth of the perovskite layer, and also the interface engineering, significant progresses have been achieved. [17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Among them CsPbI 3-x Br x with the band gap of around 1.73 eV showed promising, by stabilizing the α-phase, control growth of the perovskite layer, and also the interface engineering, significant progresses have been achieved.…”

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confidence: 99%

Cesium Lead Inorganic Solar Cell with Efficiency beyond 18% via Reduced Charge Recombination

et al. 2019

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the main concern for degrading the device stability; for example, CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 could be decomposed into lead Iodide (PbI 2 ) and CH 3 NH 3 I, and the organic molecules could be vapored under thermal or humidity environment. [15] Therefore, addressing the long-term stability is a primary concern for the perovskite solar cells community. [16] As an alternative, all-inorganic perovskites (CsPbX 3 , X = I, Br, Cl, or their mixtures), prized for their excellent thermal stability, have received increasing attention. [17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Among them CsPbI 3-x Br x with the band gap of around 1.73 eV showed promising, by stabilizing the α-phase, control growth of the perovskite layer, and also the interface engineering, significant progresses have been achieved. For example, Luther et al. have shown CsPbI 3 quantum dot solar cells with the efficiency of 10.77% and 13.4%, subsequently. [24,25] Our group has developed a solvent controlled growth of CsPbI 3 in dry environment, and showed a 14.67% certificated efficiency with 500 h light-soaking stability. [26] Li et al. invented a novel gradient thermal annealing to control the growth of CsPbI 2 Br film (band gap = 1.92 eV), and a champion PCE of 16.07% with a V OC of 1.23 V was realized. [27] Recently, an outstanding efficiency of 17.06% with V OC of 1.1 V was realized by Zhao et al. via using HPbI 3 as a precursor combined with the PTABr surface modification. [28] Although there are significant progresses in inorganic perovskite solar cells, the PCE is still far behind the hybrid PSCs, even compared with the I-Br mixed hybrid perovskite with a similar band gap (1.75 eV). [29] It can be found that the opencircuit voltage loss (V oc loss) is still the main reason of low performance of inorganic perovskite solar cells, which strongly related to energy band matching and defects at the interface or in the bulk of perovskite. [10,14] Most recently, Yip et al. applied PN4N as cathode interlayer to reduce the work function of the SnO 2 electron transporting layer (ETL) for tuning the electron extraction property and combing with poly[5,5′-bis(2-butyloctyl)-(2,2′-bithiophene)-4,4′-dicarboxylate-alt-5,5′-2,2′-bithiophene] (PDCBT) as hole transporting layer, leading to a significant enhancement in V OC of the CsPbI 3-x Br x PVSCs from 1.06 to 1.3 V [30] ; however, the V oc loss is still as high as 0.62 V .Here, we develop an inorganic shunt-blocking layer lithium fluoride (LiF) between SnO 2 and CsPbI 3-x Br x perovskites, which push forward the conduction band of the electron transport Cesium-based inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are promising due to their potential for improving device stability. However, the power conversion efficiency of the inorganic PSCs is still low compared with the hybrid PSCs due to the large open-circuit voltage (V OC ) loss possibly caused by charge recombination. The use of an insulated shunt-blocking layer lithium fluoride on electron transport layer SnO 2 for better energy level alignment with the conduction band minimum of the CsPbI...

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Dimension engineering on cesium lead iodide for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells

Abstract: Dimension engineering is developed to form 2D BA2CsPb2I7 by introducing a bulky ammonium cation, which exhibits superior structural and compositional stability.

Cited by 209 publications

References 39 publications

Low‐Dimensional Perovskites: From Synthesis to Stability in Perovskite Solar Cells

Low‐Dimensional Perovskites: From Synthesis to Stability in Perovskite Solar Cells

Fabrication of Efficient and Stable CsPbI₃ Perovskite Solar Cells through Cation Exchange Process

Cesium Lead Inorganic Solar Cell with Efficiency beyond 18% via Reduced Charge Recombination

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Dimension engineering on cesium lead iodide for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells

Abstract: Dimension engineering is developed to form 2D BA2CsPb2I7 by introducing a bulky ammonium cation, which exhibits superior structural and compositional stability.

Cited by 209 publications

References 39 publications

Low‐Dimensional Perovskites: From Synthesis to Stability in Perovskite Solar Cells

Low‐Dimensional Perovskites: From Synthesis to Stability in Perovskite Solar Cells

Fabrication of Efficient and Stable CsPbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells through Cation Exchange Process

Cesium Lead Inorganic Solar Cell with Efficiency beyond 18% via Reduced Charge Recombination

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Fabrication of Efficient and Stable CsPbI₃ Perovskite Solar Cells through Cation Exchange Process