Dimensional transformation in tests of spatial and environmental cognition

Iwanowska, Kashka; Voyer, Daniel

doi:10.3758/s13421-013-0314-9

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…As in the case of our work, these studies considered the degrees of error for establishing comparisons between sexes. Other studies that considered the number of correct answers found no gender differences (Hegarty et al, 2006; Iwanowska and Voyer, 2013; Zancada-Menendez et al, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Memory for Object Location in Augmented Reality: The Role of Gender and the Relationship Among Spatial and Anxiety Outcomes

Munoz-Montoya

Fidalgo

Juan

et al. 2019

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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The potential of augmented reality (AR) technology for the study of spatial memory and orientation is a new research field. AR defines systems that attempt to enhance the user’s experience with the physical world. In our app, we enhance the sense of sight by adding interactive 3D elements to the real environment. Our app can be used in any real environment so that the experimental conditions during the tasks and the way in which an individual navigates are similar to those used in real life. With AR, the experimenter has a high level of control of the task and can store the participant’s responses accurately. The classical factors that influence an individual’s performance on virtual spatial tasks are gender and cognitive factors. The influence of emotional factors on spatial performance has been studied more recently. Since AR tasks for the study of spatial memory and spatial orientation are new developments, little is known about the factors that are related to performance on tasks of this type. In our study, we tested 46 young adults (26 women) in an AR object-location task that was performed in a building. The participants had to memorize the position of eight virtual objects while they were walking through the environment. We also assessed the participants’ performance on an object-recall task, a map-pointing task, and a paper-and-pencil spatial orientation task. The self-reported importance of different spatial strategies for wayfinding and the levels of trait anxiety and wayfinding anxiety were also evaluated. Our findings indicate that men performed better on the spatial paper-and-pencil test and spent more time completing the learning phase of the AR task. The spatial memory for the location of the objects in AR and on the map correlated positively. Anxiety was related to individual differences in the self-reported use of a spatial orientation strategy, but the association among them was weak. Trait anxiety was positively related to the time employed by the participants during the learning phase of the AR task, whereas wayfinding anxiety correlated negatively with the preference for an orientation strategy. Our results highlight the importance of anxiety in spatial orientation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Memory for Object Location in Augmented Reality: The Role of Gender and the Relationship Among Spatial and Anxiety Outcomes

Munoz-Montoya

Fidalgo

Juan

et al. 2019

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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“…This is a crucial question that requires much research, although initial work by Titze, Heil, and Jansen (2008) seems to rule out the role of task complexity in explaining this reduced gender difference across psychometric and chronometric mental rotation tasks. Other possibilities (e.g., the presence of impossible rotations on the MRT) were raised by Iwanowska and Voyer (2013). In addition, mental rotations tasks might be related to memory load.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the magnitude of gender differences in mental rotation performance was larger for occluded than for nonoccluded items (Bors & Vigneau, 2011;Doyle & Voyer, 2013;Voyer & Doyle, 2010;Voyer & Hou, 2006). This can be interpreted as reflecting the role of the 3D nature of the stimuli in gender differences when processing occluded items (Iwanowska & Voyer, 2013). Subsequent studies found that items with mirror distractors (incorrect response alternatives that are the mirror images of the target item) were more difficult to process than items with structural distractors (incorrect response alternatives that are structurally different from the target item) for both genders, with a greater magnitude of gender differences in accuracy on items with mirror distractors than on items with structural distractors (Bors & Vigneau, 2011;Doyle & Voyer, 2013).…”

mentioning

confidence: 84%

Item type, occlusion, and gender differences in mental rotation

Doyle

Voyer

Lesmana

2016

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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Two experiments were conducted to examine the role of item type in mental rotation. In each experiment, participants completed two computerized mental rotation tasks, one with blocks as stimuli and one with human figures as stimuli. The tasks were formatted either as a multiple-choice psychometric test (Experiment 1) or as a same-different type task (Experiment 2). Aside from the expected replication of a decreased effect of occlusion on women's accuracy when processing human figures compared to block figures, it was hypothesized that response times would increase when processing the complex but familiar human figures, compared to the simple but unfamiliar block figures. In Experiment 1, the results relevant to occlusion were replicated. However, the presence of a speed-accuracy trade-off suggested that participants processed human figures faster but less accurately than block figures. In Experiment 2, both men and women performed faster and more accurately when processing occluded human figures than when processing nonoccluded human figures. The effect of item type, its potential link to embodied cognition, and the role of strategy selection on gender differences in mental rotation are discussed.

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“…One issue that has been brought up with psychometric tests, especially with the MRT, is that it is not a pure measure of mental rotation. For example, it is contaminated by the presence of impossible rotations (Kerkman, Wise, & Harwood, 2000;Iwanowska & Voyer, 2013). Considering these issues, as the present study was concerned with sex differences in the mental rotation process, the focus of the experiment was on chronometric mental rotation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Sex differences in chronometric mental rotation with human bodies

Voyer

Jansen

2015

Psychological Research

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The present experiment investigated sex differences across stimulus types in a chronometric mental rotation task. The working hypothesis was that human bodies as stimuli would reduce the magnitude of sex differences compared to cubes as stimuli, from the embodied cognition perspective. One hundred and twenty participants, 60 men and 60 women solved chronometric mental rotation items with Shepard-Metzler cube figures, head-cubes, and human bodies, all designed so that they were similar in shape. Two figures of a given stimulus type were presented on the screen and participants had to judge if both items were mirrored or non-mirrored. Results showed better mental rotation performance with human bodies than with other types of stimuli for both sexes, although the effect of stimulus type was more pronounced in men than in women. Furthermore, regardless of stimulus type, men were more accurate than women. Altogether, the results suggest that sex differences are not reduced when human bodies are used as stimuli in a chronometric task. Implications for accounts of sex differences in mental rotations are discussed.

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Dimensional transformation in tests of spatial and environmental cognition

Cited by 8 publications

References 36 publications

Memory for Object Location in Augmented Reality: The Role of Gender and the Relationship Among Spatial and Anxiety Outcomes

Memory for Object Location in Augmented Reality: The Role of Gender and the Relationship Among Spatial and Anxiety Outcomes

Item type, occlusion, and gender differences in mental rotation

Sex differences in chronometric mental rotation with human bodies

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