Dimensionality of the Mental Toughness Questionnaire (MTQ48)

Perry, John L.; Strycharczyk, Doug; Dagnall, Neil; Denovan, Andrew; Papageorgiou, Kostas A.; Clough, Peter

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.654836

Cited by 18 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…In the latest iteration of their model, CareerEDGEþ (Dacre Pool, 2020), the development of a person's "employability" suggests self-esteem and resilience as outcomes of employability. Strycharczyk et al (2021) present a "Mental Toughness" framework where resilience elements of "Control" and "Commitment" are combined with "Confidence" and "Challenge", which are about having a positive attitude (Perry et al, 2021).…”

Section: What Is Employability?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Employability and motivation: which motivational theories are most appropriate?

Remedios,

Sewell

2024

HESWBL

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PurposeA range of models of employability implicitly or directly identify potential drivers of motivated behaviour related to engaging in employment-related outcomes whilst acknowledging that employability is also about developing life skills. Motivational theorists suggest that tasks engaged for external purposes, e.g. working towards an employment-related goal, are experienced differently than (those same) tasks engaged in for less external reasons, e.g. the desire for knowledge. Whilst there are excellent examples of the use of motivational theory in some models of employability, sometimes the evidence is either outdated, incorrectly interpreted or fails to use the most appropriate motivational theory. The aim of this paper is to bring to attention several prominent motivational theories and some key evidence that seems most pertinent across models of employability.Design/methodology/approachAs this was a non-empirical design, the approach did not fit any research design methodology or structured, systematic or meta-analysis review. The paper outlines a series of arguments by reviewing in detail several theories of motivation and mapping them against current models of employability.FindingsFrom a theoretical point of perspective, it is suggested that Expectancy Value Theory needs to be considered when creating models of employability. It is also suggested that motivation for employment-related tasks is probably extrinsic, though evidence suggests that forms of extrinsic motivation can also be motivationally adaptive. Several models posit self-efficacy as a driver of motivated behaviour, but the evidence suggests a clear and consistent interactive relationship between subjective task value and self-efficacy, suggesting that self-efficacy is only a useful predictor when value is high.Practical implicationsWhilst the aim of models of employability is to improve our understanding of the predictors of employability behaviours, the practical consequence is the development of appropriate curriculum. Understanding which features of employability create adaptive and maladaptive motivation should help educators create curriculum that produces optimal engagement and performance.Originality/valueModels of employability are mostly created using bodies of extant evidence. In this paper, we have tried to identify where some of the interpretation of the evidence has been more or less appropriate. We hope that ideas and evidence in this paper will allow theorists, where appropriate, to re-develop their models.

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Section: What Is Employability?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Employability and motivation: which motivational theories are most appropriate?

Remedios,

Sewell

2024

HESWBL

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“…The 4/6Cs are encapsulated within the 48-item Mental Toughness Questionnaire (MTQ48; Clough et al, 2002), which produces both total and dimensional scores (see Perry et al, 2021). Although there has been debate about the stability of the model (see Gucciardi et al, , 2013, Clough et al (Perry et al, 2013(Perry et al, , 2015(Perry et al, , 2021 and independent researchers (e.g., Horsburgh et al, 2009) have published articles that demonstrate the model's factorial validity. Consequently, the MTQ48 is a generally accepted, widely used measure of Mental Toughness (Dagnall et al, 2019).…”

Section: The 4/6cs Model Of Mental Toughnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potential Benefits of Non-skills Training (Mental Toughness) for Elite Athletes: Coping With the Negative Psychological Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Dagnall

Drinkwater

Denovan

et al. 2021

Front. Sports Act. Living

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The spread of COVID-19 has had a significant impact on global sport. This is especially true at the elite level, where it has disrupted training and competition. Concomitantly, restrictions have disrupted long-term event planning. Many elite athletes remain unsure when major events will occur and worry about further interruptions. Although some athletes have successfully adapted to the demands of the COVID-19 crisis, many have experienced difficulties adjusting. This has resulted in psychological complications including increased stress, anxiety, and depression. This article critically examines the extent to which non-cognitive skills training, in the form of increased awareness of Mental Toughness, can help elite athletes inoculate against and cope with negative psychological effects arising from the COVID-19 pandemic. Non-cognitive skills encompass intrapersonal (motivations, learning strategies, and self-regulation) and interpersonal (interactions with others) domains not directly affected by intellectual capacity. Previous research indicates that enhancement of these spheres can assist performance and enhance mental well-being. Moreover, it suggests that training in the form of increased awareness of Mental Toughness, can improve the ability to cope with COVID-19 related challenges. In this context, Mental Toughness encompasses a broad set of enabling attributes (i.e., inherent and evolved values, attitudes, emotions, and cognitions). Indeed, academics commonly regard Mental Toughness as a resistance resource that protects against stress. Accordingly, this article advocates the use of the 4/6Cs model of Mental Toughness (i.e., Challenge, Commitment, Control, and Confidence) to counter negative psychological effects arising from COVID-19.

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“…Based on these attributes, Loehr [ 5 , 7 , 8 ] conceptualised MT as a psychological resource that facilitated stress tolerance and maximised an individual’s capacity, regardless of circumstances, to perform consistently towards the upper range of their abilities. Accordingly, high levels of MT denote possession of efficacious psychological attributes such as self-belief, persistence, control, and effective mental skills [ 9 , 10 ]. These are accompanied by complementary values, attitudes, emotions, and thoughts that assist goal achievement [ 11 , 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mental toughness in the Football Association Women’s Super League: Relationships with playing experience, perceptions of club infrastructure, support mechanisms and self-esteem

et al. 2023

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Previous research reports a positive association between possession of mental toughness (MT) and high performance in sportspersons. However, the extent to which MT is related to playing experiences and appreciation of club environment in elite women’s football has received only limited research attention. Accordingly, the present study investigated MT in the context of the English Football Association Women’s Super League (WSL). Specifically, this paper examined relationships between level of MT and external (playing experience, perceptions of club infrastructure, and appreciation of support mechanisms) and internal (self-esteem) factors. A sample of 63 elite female professional football players from the WSL, aged between 18 and 35 years (mean = 25.87, SD = 4.03), completed self-report measures. To objectively validate self-ratings, congruence between self and peer-rated was assessed. This revealed a strong degree of consistency. Subsequent analysis found positive correlations between MT, playing experience (number of years playing football, NoY; and highest level of football achieved, HLA), and External Support. Additionally, Self-Esteem correlated positively with MT, NoY, HLA, and External Support. Moderation analysis found MT interacted with NoY and predicted greater levels of Self-Esteem. Players with lower and mean MT, and more years as a professional were more likely to possess higher Self-Esteem (vs. less years). These outcomes indicated important relationships between MT, External Support, and Self-Esteem. Accordingly, WSL clubs can potentially apply the results of this study to enhance positive player mindset.

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Dimensionality of the Mental Toughness Questionnaire (MTQ48)

Cited by 18 publications

References 26 publications

Employability and motivation: which motivational theories are most appropriate?

Employability and motivation: which motivational theories are most appropriate?

The Potential Benefits of Non-skills Training (Mental Toughness) for Elite Athletes: Coping With the Negative Psychological Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Mental toughness in the Football Association Women’s Super League: Relationships with playing experience, perceptions of club infrastructure, support mechanisms and self-esteem

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