Dimensions Across Measures of Dispositional Hostility, Expressive Style, and Depression Show Some Variation by Race/Ethnicity and Gender in Young Adults

Hostility/Anger as a Mediator Between College Students’ Emotion Regulation Abilities and Symptoms of Depression, Social Anxiety, and Generalized Anxiety

“…This is similar to Lindsey, Fabiano, and Stark (2009) and may be attributable to the non-clinical nature of our sample. Future studies should aim to include a more equal number of men and women from diverse backgrounds to allow for generalizations and examination of ethnic and racial differences in the predictive properties of hostility that have been suggested previously (Maier et al, 2009).…”

“…. is a potentially adaptive expressive dimension of hostility, with a lack of assertiveness associated with depression" (Maier et al, 2009(Maier et al, , p. 1218. It is also important to note that previous studies linked cognitive hostility (i.e., a mixture of resentment and suspicion), but not behavioral hostility, to risk of suicide after controlling for baseline depressed mood (Lemogne et al, 2011).…”

“…Furthermore, a recent study by the Center for Collegiate Mental Health (2010) suggested that hostility/anger correlated significantly with depressive symptoms (r = .50) on the BDI-II. In fact, hostility can be a prominent way in which depression manifests itself and some studies have suggested that "depressive hostility" is comprised of poor assertiveness, a tendency to suppress [phenomenological] anger, and experience of depression (Maier et al, 2009).…”

Cardiovascular and Psychological Reactivity and Recovery from Harassment in a Biracial Sample of High and Low Hostile Men and Women

“…This was done because African Americans and men score higher on the Ho Scale than Caucasians and women, respectively [40][41][42]. The following median split cutoffs were used to create the low and high hostility groups, respectively [43]: for AA women, scores of <26 and ≥26; for AA men, scores of <28 and ≥28; for CA women, scores of <21.5 and ≥21.5; and for CA men, scores of <24 and ≥24. Once recruited for the study, participants were randomly assigned using a random numbers table to either harassment or no harassment condition separately for men and women and for Caucasians and African Americans in order to have an approximately equal proportion of each group in each condition.…”

“…Affective and motivational responses to and cognitive perceptions of the anagram task were measured, and the hemodynamic determinants underlying cardiovascular reactivity and recovery were examined using impedance cardiography. Because African Americans and men score higher on the Cook-Medley Hostility (Ho) Scale than Caucasians and women, respectively (e.g., [40][41][42]), participants were screened for hostility and then recruited from a larger sample on the basis of their race-and sex-specific scores on the Ho Scale [43]. To evaluate the effects of harassment on cardiovascular reactivity and recovery and psychological responses, participants were then randomly assigned to a harassment condition or a control condition without harassment.…”