Dimer formation of viologen derivatives and their electrochromic properties

Kim, Sung-Hoon; Bae, Jin Seok; Hwang, Seokhwan; Gwon, Tae Sun; Doh, Myung-Ki

doi:10.1016/s0143-7208(96)00023-x

Cited by 25 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…ABP was synthesized according to a literature procedure [ 27 ] by refluxing a solution containing 0.078 g of 4,4′-bipyridine and 0.058 g of 2-cloroethylamine (a 1:1 molar ratio) in 30 mL of acetonitrile and water (1:1) for 10 hours. The reaction product was analyzed by HPLC.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Silver(I) by Differential Pulse Voltammetry Using a Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Synthesized N-(2-Aminoethyl)-4,4'-Bipyridine

Radulescu

Chira

Bucur

et al. 2010

Sensors

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A new modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) based on a synthesized N-(2-aminoethyl)-4,4′-bipyridine (ABP) was developed for the determination of Ag(I) by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). ABP was covalently immobilized on GC electrodes surface using 4-nitrobenzendiazonium (4-NBD) and glutaraldehyde (GA). The Ag(I) ions were preconcentrated by chemical interaction with bipyridine under a negative potential (−0.6 V); then the reduced ions were oxidized by differential pulse voltammetry and a peak was observed at 0.34 V. The calibration curve was linear in the concentration range from 0.05 μM to 1 μM Ag(I) with a detection limit of 0.025 μM and RSD = 3.6%, for 0.4 μM Ag(I). The presence of several common ions in more than 125-fold excess had no effect on the determination of Ag(I). The developed sensor was applied to the determination of Ag(I) in water samples using a standard addition method.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Silver(I) by Differential Pulse Voltammetry Using a Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Synthesized N-(2-Aminoethyl)-4,4'-Bipyridine

Radulescu

Chira

Bucur

et al. 2010

Sensors

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“…1,4‐Bis(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1,4‐diazabutadiene ( 1 ) was synthesized by acid‐catalyzed direction condensation between 4‐aminophenol and glyoxal in ethanol according to our previously reported procedure. Butyl viologen (BV) and octyl viologen (OV) were synthesized according to a literature procedure 17…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Roles of rhenium diimine complexes as metal‐ion probes and photosensitizers in functional polyurethanes

Hui

Lam

Yin

et al. 2003

J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem.

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Polyurethanes incorporated with rhenium diimine complexes were synthesized. The polymers exhibited interesting morphologies and solution properties. Results from gel permeation chromatography suggested the formation of polymer aggregates in solutions. The polymers could act as probes for metal ions. The addition of metal ions to polymer solutions led to significant changes in the electronic absorption properties of the polymer solutions. This was attributed to the interactions between the polyether moieties and metal ions. The metal complexes could also act as efficient photosensitizers. After doping with charge‐transport viologens, the photoconductivity of the polymers was greatly enhanced. The experimental quantum efficiency was simulated with Onsager's theory. The thermalization distances and the primary yields were typically 12–14 Å and 10−3, respectively. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 1708–1715, 2003

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“…To avert this limitation, in this study, we present a novel polyviologen (PV)-modified electrode to enhance MV 2þ detection by the EQCM method having a reusability by potential control. The concept is based on the interaction among viologen radical cations to form its corresponding dimer [11].…”

Section: þ Present or Absent In Solutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To satisfy such a requirement, basic studies involving the chemical behavior of paraquat on the electrode surface have received increasing attention. Such approaches include dimerization of radical cations [11], catalytic functions [12], and the adsorption on the electrode surface [13]. Spectroelectrochemistry has been applied to investigate the electroreductive mechanism of viologen [2] and the dimerization of viologen radical cations with a dimerization rate constant of 10 4 M ¹1 s ¹1 [14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

EQCM Studies of Paraquat on Gold Electrode Modified with Electropolymerized Film

1998

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This study presents a polyviologen (PV) modified gold/quartz electrode to detect paraquat (MV 2þ ) by electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) method. Some electroactive viologens (V 2þ ) reside in the electropolymerization achieved in pH 4.2 Britton-Robinson (BR) buffer solution containing soluble viologen oligomer. Closely examining the EQCM and cyclic voltammetry (CV) results reveal that V 2þ binds in the PV film and is electroreduced to form its relatively hydrophobic cation radical (V þ. ), which may cause the anions and hydrated water originally incorporated in the PV layer to be expelled. Moreover, while the negative potential is scanned over ¹0.55 V, the dissolved MV 2þ is reduced through V þ. to form its corresponding cation radical (MV þ.) and then becomes a dimer with the bound V þ. among the PV layer. According to our results, such dimerization possesses good reversibility so that the resonant frequency of the subsequent PV modified Au/quartz electrode can return to its initial value under the potential scanning within an appropriate region (i.e., from 0 to ¹0.7 V) and oxygen-free condition. Moreover, a linear calibration plot for detecting MV 2þ is also obtained in the range from 0 to 1.2 mM, having a detection limit of 0.1 mM.

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Dimer formation of viologen derivatives and their electrochromic properties

Cited by 25 publications

References 7 publications

Determination of Silver(I) by Differential Pulse Voltammetry Using a Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Synthesized N-(2-Aminoethyl)-4,4'-Bipyridine

Determination of Silver(I) by Differential Pulse Voltammetry Using a Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Synthesized N-(2-Aminoethyl)-4,4'-Bipyridine

Roles of rhenium diimine complexes as metal‐ion probes and photosensitizers in functional polyurethanes

EQCM Studies of Paraquat on Gold Electrode Modified with Electropolymerized Film

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