“…Few catalytic studies have been reported in batch operation at low pressure (0.12−0.5 MPa), where catalysts such as Cu 1.5 PMo 12 O 40 , 55 CeO 2 with acetonitrile as dehydrate 56 and heteropolyoxometalates 57,58 significantly increase of DMC yield compared with gas-phase reaction in continuous reaction system. Heterogeneous catalysts reported for gas-phase synthesis, Ni−Cu/MoSiO(VSiO), 59 Cu−KF/MgSiO, 60 H 3 PO 4 −V 2 O 5 , 61 Cu−Ni/VSO, 62 Cu−(Ni,V,O)/SiO 2 with photoassistance, 63 Cu−Ni/C 64 (C = graphite, 65 MWCNTs, 66 AC, 67 TEG, 68 graphite oxide, 69 GNS 70 ), Rh/ZSM-5, 71 CuCl 2 /AC, 72 Co 1.5 PW 12 O 40 73 and Cu−Ni/diatomite 74 in which the reaction was carried out at low pressure (0.1−1.2 MPa), moderate temperatures (353−500 K) and continuous flow, seem less productive compared to the homogeneous reaction. These studies have remarked that DMC obtained from reaction I is drastically limited by the chemical equilibrium leading to very low DMC yields partly due to the low methanol conversion at equilibrium, 18,35,75 but no deep studies about the limit of MeOH conversion had been done.…”