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Sherstov, I.; Okhapkin, M.; Lipphardt, B.; Tamm, Chr.; Peik, E.

doi:10.1103/physreva.81.021805

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(34 reference statements)

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“…The 2 S 1/2 -2 F 7/2 electric octupole transition in Yb + is of particular interest for applications as an optical frequency standard [3][4][5][6][7][8]. The excited state spontaneous emission lifetime of the transition is estimated to be on the order of 6 years [6].…”

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confidence: 98%

Optogalvanic spectroscopy of metastable states in Yb+

et al. 2011

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The metastable 2 F 7/2 and 2 D 3/2 states of Yb + are of interest for applications in metrology and quantum information and also act as dark states in laser cooling. These metastable states are commonly repumped to the ground state via the 638.6 nm 2 F 7/2 -1 D[5/2] 5/2 and 935.2 nm 2 D 3/2 -3 D[3/2] 1/2 transitions. We have performed optogalvanic spectroscopy of these transitions in Yb + ions generated in a discharge. We measure the pressure broadening coefficient for the 638.6 nm transition to be 70 ± 10 MHz mbar −1 . We place an upper bound of 375 MHz/nucleon on the 638.6 nm isotope splitting and show that our observations are consistent with theory for the hyperfine splitting. Our measurements of the 935.2 nm transition extend those made by Sugiyama et al., showing wellresolved isotope and hyperfine splitting (Sugiyama and Yoda in IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 44: 140, 1995). We obtain high signal-to-noise, sufficient for laser stabilisation applications (Streed et al. in Appl. Phys. Lett. 93: 071103, 2008).

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confidence: 98%

Optogalvanic spectroscopy of metastable states in Yb+

et al. 2011

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“…[3] leads to the listed uncertainty contribution for the second-order Doppler shift and determines, together with the measured static differential polarizability, the uncertainty contribution due to the quadratic dc Stark shift. The low nonlinear frequency drift of the probe laser [13] and the use of a second-order integrating servo scheme for the stabilization to the atomic resonance [19] leads to the estimated uncertainty due to servo error. The small sensitivity to the quadratic Zeeman effect [22] results in a negligible uncertainty contribution.…”

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“…The octupole transition is driven by a probe laser system with a relative frequency stability of better than 2 × 10 −15 at 1 s of averaging time [13]. The frequencydoubled laser output at 467 nm is coupled into a blueemitting laser diode for injection locking.…”

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High-Accuracy Optical Clock Based on the Octupole Transition inYb+171

Huntemann

Okhapkin²,

Lipphardt³

et al. 2012

Phys. Rev. Lett.

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We experimentally investigate an optical frequency standard based on the 467 nm (642 THz) electric-octupole reference transition 2 S 1/2 (F = 0) → 2 F 7/2 (F = 3) in a single trapped 171 Yb + ion. The extraordinary features of this transition result from the long natural lifetime and from the 4f 13 6s 2 configuration of the upper state. The electric-quadrupole moment of the 2 F 7/2 state is measured as −0.041(5) ea 2 0 , where e is the elementary charge and a0 the Bohr radius. We also obtain information on the differential scalar and tensorial components of the static polarizability and of the probe-light-induced ac Stark shift of the octupole transition. With a real-time extrapolation scheme that eliminates this shift, the unperturbed transition frequency is realized with a fractional uncertainty of 7.1 × 10 −17 . The frequency is measured as 642 121 496 772 The basis of all precise atomic clocks is a transition frequency that represents an unperturbed quantum property of the chosen atomic system. The most impressive progress in clocks of high accuracy has recently been made with optical transitions between states with vanishing electronic angular momentum (J = 0) in Al + and Sr [1,2]. The frequency of this type of transition is in general only weakly affected by external electric and magnetic fields. Here we present a precision study of a reference transition of a very different type, an electric-octupole transition (∆J = 3) connecting the 2 S 1/2 ground state with the 2 F 7/2 first excited state in 171 Yb + , and show that it has a very low sensitivity to field-induced frequency shifts, making it a promising basis for an optical clock of the highest accuracy.At variance with other ion frequency standards, 171 Yb + offers the advantage of two optical reference transitions with high quality factor which have rather different physical characteristics. A frequency standard based on the electric-quadrupole 2 S 1/2 → 2 D 3/2 transition [3,4] is established as one of the secondary representations of the SI second. The electric-octupole 2 S 1/2 → 2 F 7/2 transition investigated in this Letter was first studied at the National Physical Laboratory (UK) [5]. The extraordinary features of this transition result from the long natural lifetime of the 2 F 7/2 state in the range of several years [5,6] and from its electronic configuration (4f 13 6s 2 ) consisting of a hole in the 4f shell surrounded by a spherically symmetric 6s shell. Since the octupole transition can be resolved with a linewidth that is virtually unaffected by spontaneous decay and determined only by the available laser stability, a quantum projection noise limited single-ion frequency standard with very low instability can be realized. The electric-quadrupole moment of the 2 F 7/2 state is predicted to be much smaller than that of the 2 D 3/2 state [7] so that the transition frequency is only weakly affected by the quadrupole shift from electric field gradients. Furthermore, there are no strong dipole transitions from the 2 F 7/2 state with excitation en...

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“…We show that in such a system there exists a combined frequency for which the BBRS is significantly suppressed over a wide temperature range. For instance, a trapped 171 Yb + ion meets this condition in a straightforward way, because 171 Yb + has at least three suitable reference transitions: an electricquadrupole and an electric-octupole optical transition [15][16][17], and a magnetic-dipole radiofrequency (rf) transition between the ground-state hyperfine sublevels. Apart from laboratory standards, the proposed method can be particularly useful in cases where it is impossible to control the environmental temperature with sufficient accuracy or to use cryogenic techniques, for instance in transportable frequency standards or in space-based clocks that approach the Sun in order to test the local position invariance underlying General Relativity [4].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…2, the level system of 171 Yb + provides two narrow-linewidth transitions from the ground state in the visible spectral range which can be used as reference transitions of an optical frequency standard: the quadrupole transition 2 S 1/2 (F = 0) → 2 D 3/2 (F = 2), λ ≈ 436 nm and the octupole transition 2 S 1/2 (F = 0) → 2 F 7/2 (F = 3), λ ≈ 467 nm. More detailed information on the spectroscopy of these transitions can be found in [15][16][17]20]. It may be noted that the case of 171 Yb + is especially attractive because here both clock transitions lie in a technically convenient frequency range and experience exactly the same thermal environment if probed in one ion.…”

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Atomic Clocks with Suppressed Blackbody Radiation Shift

et al. 2011

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We develop a nonstandard concept of atomic clocks where the blackbody radiation shift (BBRS) and its temperature fluctuations can be dramatically suppressed (by one to three orders of magnitude) independent of the environmental temperature. The suppression is based on the fact that in a system with two accessible clock transitions (with frequencies ν 1 and ν 2 ) which are exposed to the same thermal environment, there exists a "synthetic" frequency ν syn ∝ (ν 1 − ε 12 ν 2 ) largely immune to the BBRS. As an example, it is shown that in the case of 171 Yb + it is possible to create a clock in which the BBRS can be suppressed to the fractional level of 10 −18 in a broad interval near room temperature (300±15 K). We also propose a realization of our method with the use of an optical frequency comb generator stabilized to both frequencies ν 1 and ν 2 . Here the frequency ν syn is generated as one of the components of the comb spectrum and can be used as an atomic standard.PACS numbers: 03.75. Dg, 37.25.+k, 42.62.Fi The main progress in modern fundamental metrology is connected with the development of atomic clocks. The most promising frequency standards today are based on single trapped ions [1] and on ensembles of neutral atoms confined to an optical lattice at the magic wavelength [2,3]. It is believed that these clocks can provide frequency references with unprecedented small systematic uncertainties in the 10 −17 -10 −18 range. This progress will probably lead to a redefinition of the unit of Time and to new fundamental tests of physical theories in particular in the fields of General Relativity, cosmology, and unification of the fundamental interactions [4,5].The largest effect that contributes to the systematic uncertainty of many atomic clocks is the interaction of the thermal blackbody radiation with the atomic eigenstates. This effect was first considered in 1982 for cesium atomic clocks [6], but remains up to now a major problem for many modern atomic time and frequency standards. At present there exist three approaches to tackle the blackbody radiation shift (BBRS) problem. The first one is the use of cryogenic techniques to suppress this shift to a negligible level. This approach is pursued for the mercury ion clock [7], for the Cs fountain clock [8], and for the Sr optical lattice clock [9]. The second approach is the precise temperature stabilization of the experimental setup in combination with theoretical and/or semiempirical numerical calculations of the shift at given temperature [10,11]. The third approach is based on the * e-mail address: viyudin@mail.ru † also PTB choice of an atom or ion where both levels of the reference transition have approximately the same BBRS. Here the most promising candidate is 27 Al + with a fractional BBRS of the reference transition frequency of ∼10 −17 [1,12], followed by 115 In + [13,14]. However, the latter approach limits the choice of candidates for tests of fundamental theories.In the present paper we propose an alternative method allowing us to suppress the ...

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Diode-laser system for high-resolution spectroscopy of the2S1/2→2F7/2

Cited by 12 publications

References 25 publications

Optogalvanic spectroscopy of metastable states in Yb+

Optogalvanic spectroscopy of metastable states in Yb+

High-Accuracy Optical Clock Based on the Octupole Transition inYb+171

Atomic Clocks with Suppressed Blackbody Radiation Shift

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