Diosmin and its glycocalyx restorative and anti‐inflammatory effects on injured blood vessels

Abstract

The endothelium, a crucial homeostatic organ, regulates vascular permeability and tone. Under physiological conditions, endothelial stimulation induces vasodilator endothelial nitric oxide (eNO) release and prevents adhesion molecule accessibility and leukocyte adhesion and migration into vessel walls. Endothelium dysfunction is a principal event in cardiovascular disorders, including atherosclerosis. Minimal attention is given to an important endothelial cell structure, the endothelial glycocalyx (GCX), a negatively charged heterogeneous polysaccharide that serves as a protective covering for endothelial cells and enables endothelial cells to transduce mechanical stimuli into various biological and chemical activities. Endothelial GCX shedding thus plays a role in endothelial dysfunction, for example by increasing vascular permeability and decreasing vessel tone.Consequently, there is increasing interest in developing therapies that focus on GCX repair to limit downstream endothelium dysfunction and prevent further downstream cardiovascular events. Here, we present diosmin (3′,5,7-trihydroxy-4′-methoxyflavone-7-rhamnoglucoside), a flavone glycoside of diosmetin, which downregulates adhesive molecule expression, decreases inflammation and capillary permeability, and upregulates eNO expression. Due to these pleiotropic effects of diosmin on the vasculature, a possible unidentified mechanism of action is through GCX restoration. We hypothesize that diosmin positively affects GCX integrity along with GCX-related endothelial functions. Our hypothesis was tested in a partial ligation left carotid artery (LCA) mouse model, where the right carotid artery was the control for each mouse. Diosmin (50 mg/kg) was administered daily for 7 days, 72 h after ligation. Within the ligated mice LCAs, diosmin How to cite this article: Mitra R, Nersesyan A, Pentland K, Melin MM, Levy RM, Ebong EE. Diosmin and its glycocalyx restorative and anti-inflammatory effects on injured blood vessels.

Diosmetin alleviates liver inflammation by improving liver sinusoidal endothelial cell dysfunction

“…Diosmetin (5,7-dihydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)chlormen-4-one) is a vasoactive flavonoid of polyphenolic structure 32 and is widely found in fruits, vegetables, and certain beverages 33 . Diosmetin has clinically proven therapeutic effects in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency 34 and hemorrhoids 35 by diminishing inflammatory activation of the endothelium and improving its function 36 . However, the usefulness of diosmetin as a supportive therapy for liver inflammation has not been studied.…”