Dioxins and furans releases in Iranian mineral industries

Rezaei, Ehsan; Farahani, Abolfazl; Buekens, Alfons; Chen, T.; Lu, Shengyong; Habibinejad, M.; Damercheli, F.; Gandomkar, M.; Bahmani, A.

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.064

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Finally, we estimated the levels of emissions for each source and for each year (starting from 1990 to 2010) using the emission factors determined in the Toolkit. [ 15 , 16 , 24 ]. We used the following equation to estimate PCDD/PCDFs emissions released per year:…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimating national dioxins and furans emissions, major sources, intake doses, and temporal trends in Iran from 1990–2010

Momeniha

Faridi

Amini

et al. 2017

J Environ Health Sci Engineer

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BackgroundPolychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are highly toxic persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which can cause various health outcomes, such as cancer. As a part of the National and Sub-national Burden of Disease Study (NASBOD), we aimed to estimate dioxins and furans national emissions, identify their main sources, estimate daily intake doses, and assess their trend from 1990–2010 in Iran.MethodsThe Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Releases of Dioxins, Furans and Other Unintentional POPs, which is developed by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP 2013), was used to estimate the emissions of PCDD/PCDFs from several sources into the air, water, land, residue, and other products. The daily intake doses were estimated using a linear regression of estimated emissions by UNEP Toolkit and average intake doses in other countries. Finally, the trend of PCDD/PCDFs emissions and daily intake doses were explored from 1990–2010.ResultsThe total emissions were estimated as 960 g Toxic Equivalents (g TEQ) for 1990 and 1957 g TEQ for 2010 (18.2 and 26.8 g TEQ per million capita, respectively). The estimations suggest that albeit contribution of open burning to PCDD/PCDFs emissions has been declining from 1990 to 2010, it remained the major source of emissions in Iran contributing to about 45.8% out of total emissions in 1990 to 35.7% in 2010. We further found that PCDD/PCDFs are mostly emitted into the ambient air, followed by residue, land, products, and water. The daily intake doses were estimated to be 3.1 and 5.4 pg TEQ/kg bw/day for 1990 and 2010, respectively. We estimated an increasing trend for PCDD/PCDFs emissions and intake doses in Iran from 1990–2010.ConclusionsThe high levels of emissions, intake doses, and their increasing trend in Iran may pose a substantial health risk to the Iranian population. Further studies with more rigorous methods are recommended but this should not circumvent taking appropriate policy actions against these pollutants. Currently, Iran has no standard for dioxins and furans. Adaptation of the World Health Organization recommended guidelines might be an appropriate starting point to control dioxins and furans emissions.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite of numerous negative consequences associated with exposure to PCDD/PCDFs [ 13 , 14 ], only few studies have been conducted on emissions of PCDD/PCDFs in Iran [ 15 , 16 ]. This study is the first to estimate the trend of emissions of PCDD/PCDFs across two decades in Iran.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating national dioxins and furans emissions, major sources, intake doses, and temporal trends in Iran from 1990–2010

Momeniha

Faridi

Amini

et al. 2017

J Environ Health Sci Engineer

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“…Транспорт ДиФ в окружающей среде осуществляется главным образом посредством твердых частиц, сорбирующих яды на своей поверхности: атмосферная пыль, почва, донные отложения, суспендирование в воде и пр. [13]. Этот факт объясняет миграцию ДиФ по схеме: источник → воздух → вода → почва → ра-стения → молоко, мясо, рыба → человек.…”

Section: диоксины и фураны: характеристика и воздействие на окружающуunclassified

Dioxins and furans in zinc-containing metallurgical dust: behavior and formation processes

Simonyan

Демидова

2019

Izv. vysš. učebn. zaved., Čern. metall.

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The use of galvanized scrap as a charge material for electric steel-smelting production leads to the formation of metallurgical dust suitable for the extraction of non-ferrous metals. The issues related to the behavior of chlorine and its compounds in zinc and lead containing EAF-dust is not sufficiently studied. Current research exhibits the danger of chlorine and its compounds in charge and, consequently, in emissions of EAF. Chlorine and its compounds are considered to be the main components associated with the formation of highly toxic organic substances – dioxins and furans (D&F). D&F enter the environment not only in gaseous form, but also in the form of compounds adsorbed on the surface of dust particles. According to various data, D&F concentration is 5-500 ng / kg of dust and depends on the technological parameters of melting. Analysis of the formation processes of D&F in EAF and their behavior in the captured dust is given. It was found that at the studied chlorine content of 1.3% in EAF-dust from the charge materials, 99.9% of chlorine form relatively safe compounds, mainly chlorides, and a small amount goes to the formation of D&F. The amount of D&F adsorbed on the surface of captured dust particles was 474 ng / kg of dust. As strong toxicants, D&F increase the hazard category of dust from the 4th to the 3rd and above that must be considered at dust usage. In addition, the transport of D&F in the environment is due to solid particles that absorb poisons on their surface. Therefore, EAF dust, with D&F adsorbed on its surface, can provoke their entry into organisms. The ways of reducing D&F emission in the production of EAF-steel and the resource-saving and environmentally safe technologies of dust processing are considered. In particular, the possibility of using lime milk for the off-gases irrigation in the EAF gas flue was analyzed and it was shown that it allows to reduce the D&F content to acceptable limits. The efficiency of the proposed activities was evaluated.

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